UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA 

COLLEGE   OF   AGRICULTURE 

AGRICULTURAL    EXPERIMENT   STATION 

BERKELEY,    CALIFORNIA 


SERIES  ON  CALIFORNIA  CROPS  AND  PRICES 


ORANGES 


H.  R.  WELLMAN  and  E.  W.  BRAUN 


BULLETIN  457 

AUGUST,  1928 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PRINTING  OFFICE 

BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 

1928 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Summary 1 

Acreage 5 

United  States  acreage  of  oranges 5 

Orange  acreage  by  counties  in  California 7 

Production 10 

Commercial  production  of  oranges,  United  States 10 

Orange  production  in  California  and  Florida 11 

Probable  future  production 12 

Fluctuations  in  production  from  year  to  year 14 

California  shipments  by  varieties 14 

Seasonal  Movement  of  Orange  Shipments 16 

Seasonal  variation  in  total  shipments,  United  States 16 

Seasonal  variation  in  California  and  Florida  shipments 17 

Seasonal  variation  in  Navel  and  Valencia  shipments 19 

Seasonal  movement  of  other  fresh  fruits 22 

Monthly  shipments  of  oranges  by  counties,  California 25 

Important  Orange  Markets  in  the  United  States 25 

Wide  distribution  of  oranges 25 

Main  markets  for  oranges  in  the  United  States 27 

Consumption  of  Oranges 27 

Prices  and  Purchasing  Power 30 

Relative  prices  of  oranges  compared  with  the  general  price  level 30 

Purchasing  power  of  all  oranges 31 

Purchasing  power  of  Valencias 32 

Purchasing  power  of  Navels 34 

Prices  by  size 37 

Seasonal  variation  in  prices 40 

United  States  Foreign  Trade  in  Oranges 41 

Imports 41 

Exports 41 

Main  foreign  markets  for  oranges 44 

Foreign  Orange  Production 45 

Spain 47 

Italy 49 

Palestine 50 

Union  of  South  Africa 50 

Australia 51 

Japan 51 

Acknowledgments 52 

Appendix  of  tables 53 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2012  with  funding  from 

University  of  California,  Davis  Libraries 


http://www.archive.org/details/oranges457well 


ORANGES 

H.  R.  WELLMANi  and  E.  W.  BRAUN? 


SUMMARY 


Practically  the  entire  national  supply  of  oranges  is  produced  in 
two  states,  California  and  Florida.  At  the  present  time  California 
contributes  about  two-thirds  and  Florida  about  one-third  of  this 
supply.  Less  than  1  per  cent  of  the  total  commercial  crop  is  produced 
in  the  other  states  of  the  Union.  A  small  quantity  of  oranges  is 
received  from  Porto  Rico. 

Both  California  and  Florida  have  experienced  a  substantial 
increase  in  orange  production  during  the  past  twenty  years.  Pro- 
duction in  Florida,  however,  has  increased  relatively  faster  than  in 
California.  Between  1908-1912  and  1923-1927  the  percentage  increase 
in  Florida  production  amounted  to  150  per  cent,  in  California  to  67 
per  cent,  The  total  increase  in  the  United  States  production  during 
this  period  amounted  to  87  per  cent. 

Foreign  markets  have  provided  an  outlet  for  only  a  small  part  of 
the  increase  in  orange  production ;  nearly  90  per  cent  of  it  has  been 
consumed  in  this  country.  Our  consumption  of  oranges  has  increased 
much  faster  than  the  population.  From  1908  to  1912  the  average 
annual  per-capita  consumption  amounted  to  35  oranges ;  during  the 
past  five  years  it  has  amounted  to  51  oranges.  This  is  an  increase  of 
46  per  cent. 

It  is  particularly  significant  that  the  increase  in  the  per-capita 
consumption  of  oranges  has  occurred  without  a  corresponding  decline 
in  their  relative  prices.  In  fact  the  prices  of  oranges  are  higher  as 
compared  with  the  prices  of  other  commodities  now  than  they  were 
before  the  war.  People  are  not  only  eating  more  oranges  but  they 
are  paying  more  for  them.  Many  factors  have  contributed  to  this 
increase  in  the  demand  for  oranges.  Among  the  more  important  ones 
are  improvement  in  quality  of  pack,  wider  distribution,  extension  of 
the  marketing  season,  development  of  new  outlets,  extensive  adver- 
tising, and  the  active  participation  of  nutrition  workers  in  advocating 
the  wider  use  of  oranges.  Some  of  these  factors  have  been  the  result 
of  fortunate  circumstances,  others  the  result  of  wisely  directed  action 
on  the  part  of  the  leaders  in  the  industry;  all  have  had  a  part  in 
maintaining  the  orange  industry  in  the  relatively  favorable  position 
which  it  has  occupied  during  recent  years. 

1  Extension  Specialist  in  Agricultural  Economics. 

2  Extension  Specialist  in  Agricultural  Economics. 


2  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

Beginning  with  the  1924-25  season,  and  including  the  1927-28 
season,  California  Navel  orange  growers  have  enjoyed  four  years  of 
high  prices.  On  the  average  the  prices  of  Navel  oranges  were  125 
per  cent  above  the  pre-war  level.  On  the  other  hand,  the  prices  of 
all  commodities  averaged  only  55  per  cent  above  their  pre-war  levels. 
This  means  that  there  has  been  a  substantial  increase  in  the  purchas- 
ing power  of  Navel  oranges.  Navel  orange  growers  can  now  buy 
more  of  other  commodities  with  the  money  they  receive  for  a  box  of 
their  oranges  than  they  could  ten,  fifteen,  or  twenty  years  ago.  From 
the  standpoint  of  purchasing  power  the  last  four  years  have  been 
the  most  prosperous  four-year  period  in  twenty  years,  and  probably 
the  most  prosperous  in  the  history  of  the  industry. 

It  does  not  appear  likely,  however,  that  the  present  high  price 
level  of  Navel  oranges  can  be  maintained  during  the  coming  years. 
Florida  oranges  compete  directly  with  California  Navels  in  the  con- 
suming markets,  and  indications  point  to  an  enormous  increase  in 
orange  production  in  Florida  during  the  next  few  years. 

The  shipping  season  of  California  Navels  is  normally  from 
November  to  May.  This  is  also  the  period  when  the  bulk  of  the 
Florida  oranges  are  shipped.  During  the  four  months  of  November 
to  February,  Florida  normally  ships  even  more  oranges  than  Cali- 
fornia, It  is  evident,  therefore,  that  there  are  heavy  supplies  of 
Florida  oranges  on  the  markets  during  practically  the  entire  Navel 
season.  Because  of  this  close  competition  the  prices  received  for  Cali- 
fornia Navels  are  materially  affected  by  the  size  of  the  Florida  crop. 

The  relatively  high  prices  of  Navel  oranges  during  the  past  four 
years  were  largely  a  result  of  the  low  production  in  Florida.  The 
crops  of  1924-25  and  1925-26  were  materially  reduced  as  a  result  of 
neglect  arising  out  of  the  real  estate  boom.  The  1926-27  crop  was 
injured  by  frost  and  hurricane,  and  the  1927-28  crop  by  frost  and 
drought.  It  should  not  be  assumed,  however,  that  the  factors  which 
caused  four  successive  low  crops  will  continue.  Under  normal  con- 
ditions, such  as  existed  between  1919  and  1924,  the  yield  per  acre  is 
well  above  that  of  the  past  four  years.  Hence  we  may  reasonably 
expect  that  the  future  orange  crops  in  Florida  will  be  substantially 
larger.  In  addition  to  the  resumption  of  normal  yields  per  acre  it  is 
expected  that  the  bearing  acreage  will  be  materially  larger.  Approxi- 
mately 40  per  cent  of  the  total  orange  acreage  in  Florida  in  1927  was 
not  yet  in  bearing.  As  this  acreage  comes  into  bearing,  production 
will  be  increased.  Taking  into  consideration  these  two  factors — the 
normal   yield   per   acre   and   larger   bearing   acreage — it   is   entirely 


Bul.  457]  ORANGES  3 

possible  for  Florida  to  produce  twice  as  many  oranges  within  the  next 
five  years  as  was  produced  on  the  average  during  the  past  four  years. 
This  will  mean  a  net  increase  of  approximately  50  per  cent  in  the 
national  suppty  of  oranges  to  be  marketed  between  November  and  May. 

There  is  also  likely  to  be  some  increase  in  orange  production  in 
Texas.  As  yet  Texas  has  not  been  an  important  factor  in  orange 
production,  but  she  is  likely  to  become  one  very  shortly.  Since  the 
shipping  season  in  Texas  is  during  the  winter  months,  this  increase 
in  production  will  add  further  to  the  competition  of  our  Navels. 

On  the  other  hand  the  production  of  Navels  in  California  is  not 
likely  to  be  much  larger  during  the  next  few  years  than  it  is  at 
present,  but  neither  is  it  likely  to  be  much  smaller.  The  present  non- 
bearing  acreage  is  just  about  sufficient  to  offset  the  bearing  acreage 
that  will  normally  be  taken  out. 

There  is  no  immediate  prospect  that  the  probable  increase  in  the 
supply  of  oranges  to  be  marketed  in  competition  with  our  Navels  can 
be  absorbed  at  the  present  high  level  of  prices.  There  has  been,  it  is 
true,  a  substantial  increase  in  the  demand  for  oranges  during  the 
winter  and  spring  months,  and  we  can  probably  expect  a  further 
increase  in  the  future.  But  it  is  extremely  doubtful  if  the  demand 
can  be  increased  as  fast  during  the  next  five  years  as  production  is 
likely  to  increase.  Consequently  the  prices  of  Navels  are  likely  to 
average  lower  during  the  coming  years. 

The  prices  of  California  Valencias  are  not  likely  to  be  materially 
affected  by  the  probable  increase  in  Florida  production  except  during 
April  and  May.  The  shipping  season  of  Valencias  in  California 
normally  begins  in  April  and  extends  through  October.  After  May 
both  Florida  oranges  and  California  Navels  are  practically  out  of 
the  market.  During  most  of  their  season,  therefore,  Valencias  have 
the  orange  market  to  themselves.  There  are,  however,  large  quantities 
of  other  fresh  fruits  offered  to  consumers  in  competition  with  Valencia 
oranges,  and  the  shipments  of  these  fruits  have  increased  substantially 
during  recent  years. 

As  compared  with  the  pre-war  conditions,  California  Valencia 
growers  have  been  in  a  less  favorable  position  than  Navel  growers. 
lU'tween  1910  and  1920  the  trend  of  purchasing  power  of  Valencias 
was  downward.  The  most  important  cause  for  that  downward  trend 
was  the  rapid  increase  in  shipments,  which  rose  from  2,400,000  boxes 
in  1912  to  7,300,000  boxes  in  1920.  Consumers  would  not  buy  this 
greatly  increased  quantity  except  at  relatively  lower  prices.  Since 
1920  the  rate  of  increase  in  Valencia  shipments  has  not  been  nearly 


4  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

so  rapid  as  before.  The  demand  has  increased  even  faster  than  the 
shipments,  although  the  latter  reached  the  total  of  12,140,000  boxes 
in  1927.  Consequently  the  trend  of  purchasing  power  has  been 
upward. 

This  recent  upward  trend  in  purchasing  power  should  not  be 
expected  to  continue,  however.  The  shipments  of  Valencias  will 
probably  be  considerably  larger  during  the  next  few  years,  since 
approximately  14  per  cent  of  the  Valencia  acreage  in  this  state  is 
not  yet  in  bearing,  and  an  even  larger  proportion  has  not  reached  the 
age  of  full  bearing.  In  addition,  there  is  likely  to  be  a  further 
increase  in  the  supplies  of  other  fresh  fruits  on  the  markets  during 
the  Valencia  season.  On  the  other  hand,  the  present  level  of  prices 
of  midseason  and  late  Valencia  oranges  in  California  can  probably 
be  maintained,  provided  plantings  are  not  materially  increased.  The 
demand  for  Valencia  oranges  has  increased  steadily,  and  there  are 
as  yet  no  indications  that  the  saturation  point  has  been  reached. 

Approximately  8  per  cent  of  the  oranges  produced  in  the  United 
States  during  the  past  five  years  have  been  exported.  Canada,  which 
is  our  most  important  foreign  market  for  oranges,  took  about  85  per 
cent  of  the  total  exports.  Exports  from  the  United  States  to  Canada 
have  increased  steadily  in  the  past,  and  we  can  probably  expect  a 
further  increase  in  the  future.  But  on  account  of  the  relatively  small 
population,  it  is  not  likely  that  Canada  will  provide  an  outlet  for  more 
than  a  small  part  of  our  increase  in  production. 

During  the  past  two  years  we  have  secured  a  foothold  in  the 
British  market.  It  is  doubtful,  however,  if  Great  Britain  or  any  of 
the  other  European  countries  will  provide  an  outlet  for  greatly 
increased  exports  of  oranges  from  the  United  States.  The  tendency 
is  toward  increasing  competition  in  all  of  the  European  markets. 
Therefore,  if  the  United  States  orange  growers  are  going  to  compete 
successfully  in  those  markets,  they  will  have  to  ship  only  good  quality 
oranges  which  are  carefully  graded  and  packed.  Even  then  it  must 
be  expected  that  the  foreign  outlet  for  our  oranges  will  be  limited. 

From  the  standpoint  of  the  individual  orange  grower  the  possibility 
of  obtaining  increased  returns  in  the  future  lies  largely  in  more 
efficient  production.  New  planting  should  be  made  only  in  localities 
having  favorable  climatic  and  soil  conditions,  and  where  high  yields 
of  good  quality  fruit  can  be  obtained.  From  the  standpoint  of  the 
industry  much  progress  has  already  been  made  in  developing  new 
outlets,  increasing  demand,  and  improving  the  quality  and  pack. 
With  increased  production  more  effort  along  these  lines  will  be 
needed. 


Bul.  457] 


ORANGES 


ACREAGE 

United  States  Acreage  of  Oranges. — The  estimated  bearing  acreage 
of  oranges  in  the  several  orange-producing  states  of  the  Union  since 
1919  is  shown  in  table  1.  Between  1919  and  1924  the  total  bearing 
acreage  of  oranges  in  the  United  States  increased  approximately  44 
per  cent.  Since  1924  there  has  been  a  further  substantial  increase. 
In  1924,  which  is  the  last  year  that  estimates  of  acreage  in  all  of  the 
states  are  available,  there  were  290,000  acres  of  oranges  in  bearing  in 
this  country.  Of  this  amount  61  per  cent  was  in  California  and 
36  per  cent  in  Florida. 

TABLE  1 

Estimated  Bearing  Acreage;  of  Oranges  by  States,  1919-1928 


Year 

California 

Florida 

Texas 

Alabama 

Louisiana 

Arizona 

Missis- 
sippi 

1919 

acres 
145,000 
162,000 
171,928 
175,415 
176,820 
177,978 
181,341 
184,060 
185,543 
187,281 

acres 
52,600 
57,500 
64,600 
73,200 
86,100 
104,400 
108,600 
122,100 
128,200 

acres 
200 

acres 
2,000 
4,700 
5,100 
11,500 
13,100 
2,100 
2,300 

acres 

1,000 

1,100 

1,200 

1,300 

1,400 

1,400  ' 

1,500 

1,600 

acres 
600 
700 
700 
800 
900 

1,000 

acres 
230 

1920 

250 

1921 

250 

1922 

400 

1923 

2,100 
2,400 
2,700 

450 

1924 

300* 

1925 

300 

1926 

400 

1927 

1928 

*  1924  data  for  Mississippi,  writers'  estimate. 
Sources  of  data: 

California  from  California  Cooperative  Crop  Reporting  Service  (revised  figures). 

Other  states  from  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Bur.  Agr.  Econ.  Market  prospects  for  citrus  fruits,  1927-28,  p.  2, 
1927  (mimeo.) ;  except  as  follows:  1927  data  for  Florida  from  Nathan  Mayo,  Commissioner  of  Agriculture, 
Florida,  in  letter  dated  Feb.  11,  1928. 

All  data  except  for  California  given  in  number  of  trees.  Number  of  trees  per  acre  in  various  states 
as  estimated  by  Prof.  Robert  W.  Hodgson,  Division  of  Subtropical  Horticulture,  University  of  California, 
are  as  follows:  Florida  and  Texas,  70;  Arizona,  75;  Louisiana,  100;  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  130. 

Data  not  available  where  omitted. 


In  California  estimates  of  bearing  acreage  are  available  for  each 
year  since  1914.  These  data  are  shown  graphically  in  figure  1.  It 
will  be  noted  that  the  period  of  greatest  expansion  in  the  orange 
industry  in  this  state  during  the  past  fifteen  years  occurred  between 
1916  and  1921.  During  these  five  years  the  bearing  acreage  was 
increased  by  58,200  acres,  or  51  per  cent.  Since  1921  the  bearing 
acreage  has  increased  steadily  but  more  slowly  than  before.  At  the 
present  time  the  bearing  acreage  amounts  to  187,281  acres,  15,353 
acres  more  than  in  1921,  an  increase  of  9  per  cent. 


6  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

In  the  five  most  important  orange-producing1  counties  in  California, 
which  together  contain  91  per  cent  of  the  total  bearing  acreage  in 
the  state,  there  are  84,590  acres  of  Navels,  83,825  acres  of  ValenciavS, 
and  2,537  acres  of  miscellaneous  varieties  (table  2). 

Bearing  Acreage  of  Oranges  in  California,  1914-1928 


CO 

o  © 

o  u     t~       to        ^ 

O  O       O  rH  r-» 


CO  r-4 

t-  00 


3 


200 


150 


100 


50 


■I 





o>       o>       o>       o> 


O  rH         CM 

CM  CM         CM 

O*         Oi        o> 


to  <tf  lO  <D  tr~  CO 

CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM 

Oi  Ol  0>  Qi  Oi  Oi 


Fig.  1. — There  has  been  a  substantial  and  continuous  growth  in  the  orange 
industry  in  California  during  the  past  fourteen  years. 

(Data  from   the   California    Cooperative   Crop    Reporting   Service.) 


TABLE  2 

Estimated  Acreage  of  Oranges  by  Varieties  in  Five  Counties  in 
California,  1928 


Bearing  acres 

Non-bearing  acres 

* 

Total 
bearing 

County 

Navels 

Valen- 
cias 

Miscel- 
laneous 

Total 

Navels 

Valen- 
cias 

Miscel- 
laneous 

Total 

and 
non- 
bearing 

16,054 
982 
12,093 
29,196 
26,265 

23,700 

37,938 

3,182 

9,433 

9,572 

673 
83 
489 
823 
469 

40,427 
39,003 
15,764 
39,452 
36,306 

549 
9 
222 
411 
192 

2,699 

10,046 

50 

248 

24 

8 

3,256 

10,055 

272 

659 

268 

43,683 

49,058 

16,036 

40,111 

Tulare 

52 

36,574 

Total  five  counties  ... 

84,590 

83,825 

2,537 

170,952 

1,383 

13,067 

60 

14,510 

185,462 

*  1927  plantings  are  not  included. 

Source  of  data:  Compiled  by  N.  I.  Nielsen,  Fruit  Statistician,  California  Cooperative  Crop  Reporting 
Service. 


BuL.457]  ORANGES  7 

The  present  non-bearing  acreage  of  oranges  in  California,  including 
3,197  acres  planted  in  1927,  amounts  to  22,519  acres.  This  indicates 
that  there  will  be  a  further  increase  in  bearing  acreage  during  the 
next  few  years.  The  largest  proportion  of  this  increase  will  be 
Valencias.  Of  the  14,510  acres,  exclusive  of  1927  planting,  not  in 
bearing  in  the  five  most  important  orange-producing  counties  in  the 
state,  90  per  cent  were  Valencias  and  only  10  per  cent  Navels. 

The  orange  industry  in  Florida  has  experienced  a  phenomenal 
expansion  during  the  past  decade.  Between  1919  and  1927  the 
increase  in  the  bearing  acreage  amounted  to  75,600  acres,  or  143  per 
cent.  In  1927  the  total  orange  acreage  in  Florida  amounted  to 
208,476  acres,  which  is  only  336  acres  less  than  the  total  orange 
acreage  in  California  at  the  present  time.  Of  the  208,476  acres  in 
Florida  in  1927,  80,246  acres,  or  38.5  per  cent,  were  not  yet  in  bearing. 
It  is  probable,  therefore,  that  there  will  be  a  very  large  increase  in 
bearing  acreage  in  Florida  during  the  next  few  years. 

Within  the  past  five  years  there  has  been  considerable  activity  in 
the  planting  of  oranges  in  Texas.  According  to  the  Bureau  of 
Agricultural  Economics  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, there  were  over  17,000  acres  of  oranges  in  the  Lower  Rio 
Grande  Valley  in  1927,  of  which  less  than  one-third  were  considered 
in  bearing.3  In  the  Laredo — Winter-Garden — Pearsall  section  there 
are  approximately  1,200  acres,  practically  all  of  which  has  been 
planted  in  the  last  three  years. 

Orange  Acreage  by  Counties  in  California. — The  production  of 
oranges  in  California  is  not  widely  distributed  throughout  the  state. 
Although  oranges  are  grown  on  a  commercial  basis  in  twenty-three  of 
the  fifty-eight  counties,  the  large  producing  areas  are  confined  to  a 
comparatively  few  counties.  The  main  orange-producing  counties  are 
Orange,  Los  Angeles,  San  Bernardino,  Riverside,  Ventura,  and  San 
Diego  in  southern  California;  Tulare,  Fresno,  and  Kern  in  central 
California;  and  Butte,  Sacramento,  and  Glenn  in  northern  California. 

The  relative  importance  of  the  main  orange-producing  counties 
from  the  standpoint  of  bearing  acreage  is  shown  in  figure  2.  The 
five  counties  of  Los  Angeles,  San  Bernardino,  Orange,  Tulare,  and 
Riverside  contain  over  90  per  cent  of  the  total  bearing  acreage  in 
the  state. 


3  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Bur.  Agr.  Econ.     Market  prospects  for  citrus  fruits  1927-28. 
pp.  8-9.     Dec.  6,  1927  (mimeo.). 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


Percentage  of  California's  Bearing  Orange  Acreage  in  Main  Orange- 
producing  Counties,  1928 


County 
Los  Angeles 
San  Bernardino 
Orange 
Tulare 
Riverside 
Fresno 
Ventura 
San  Diego 
Butte 

Sacramento 
Kern 
Glenn 
Others 

Total 


187,281     100.0 


Fig.  2. — Approximately  83  per  cent  of  the  bearing  orange  acreage  in  California 
is  in  the  four  counties  of  Los  Angeles,  San  Bernardino,  Orange,  and  Tulare. 
(Data  from  table  21.) 


Absolute  Increase  or  Decrease  in  Bearing  Acreage  of  Oranges  in  Main 
Orange-producing  Counties  in  California  from  1921  to  1928 


Deorease 
Aores        500        0 


Increase 
1000     1500      2000 


County 

1 1     I     I     I     I     I     I     

Orange        7,503  I  M  4KM   7503 

San  Bernardino  1,937 

Ventura 

Riverside 

Tulare 

Fresno 

Los  Angeles 

San  Diego 

Kern 

Glenn 

Sacramento 

Butte 


Fig.  3. — Almost  one-half  of  the  total  increase  in  bearing  acreage  since  1921  has 
occurred  in  Orange  County. 
(Data  compiled  from  table  21.) 


Bul.  457] 


ORANGES 


Figure  3  shows  the  absolute  changes  in  bearing  acreage  between 
1921  and  1928  in  the  twelve  most  important  orange-producing  coun- 
ties. Ten  of  the  twelve  counties  show  an  increase,  two  a  decrease. 
The  increase  in  bearing  acreage  in  Orange  County  has  been  very 
large,  amounting  to  7,503  acres,  which  is  almost  one-half  of  the  total 
increase  in  the  state.  In  Ventura  County  almost  as  many  bearing 
acres  of  oranges  have  been  added  since  1921  as  in  San  Bernardino 
County,  and  the  percentage  increase  has  been  very  much  greater. 
Of  all  the  important  orange-producing  counties,  Ventura  has  experi- 
enced the  largest  percentage  increase  in  bearing  acreage  during  the 
past  seven  years.  In  Riverside  County  the  peak  in  bearing  acres  was 
reached  in  1926 ;  and  during  the  past  two  years  there  has  been  a 
decrease  of  over  1,400  acres.  The  two  principal  orange-producing 
counties  in  northern  California,  Butte  and  Sacramento,  show  a  loss 
of  560  and  107  acres  respectively  between  1921  and  1928. 


Percentage  of  California's  Non-bearing  Orange  Acreage  in  Main 
Orange-producing  Counties,  1928 


County 
Orange 
Los  Angeles 
Ventura 
San  Diego 
San  Bernardino 
Riverside 
Tulare 
Fresno 
Others 

Total 


Acres 
10,055 


52  0 


317    1.6 
19,322  100.0 


Fig.  4. — During  recent  years  large  plantings  of  oranges  have  been  made  in 
Orange,  Los  Angeles,  and  Ventura  counties. 
(Data  from  table  21.) 


Figure  4,  which  gives  the  non-bearing  acreage  by  counties  in 
1928,  shows  the  location  of  recent  plantings  of  oranges.  Of  the 
19,322  acres  of  oranges  not  in  bearing  in  California,  exclusive  of  1927 
plantings,  10,055  acres  were  in  Orange  County,  3,256  acres  in  Los 
Angeles  County,  and  2,842  acres  in  Ventura  County.  These  three 
counties  contained  83.6  per  cent  of  the  total  non-bearing  acreage  in 
the  state,  and  Orange  County  alone  contained  52  per  cent  of  the  total. 


10 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


PRODUCTION 

Commercial  Production  of  Oranges,  United  States. — The  average 
commercial  production  of  oranges  in  the  United  States  during  the  past 
five  years  has  amounted  to  31,756,000  boxes.  Of  this  amount  California 
contributed  67  per  cent  and  Florida  32  per  cent.  The  production  in 
California,  therefore,  was  approximately  twice  as  large  as  that  in 
Florida.  Some  of  the  other  states,  principally  Alabama,  Arizona, 
Louisiana,  Mississippi,  and  Texas  also  produce  oranges  on  a  com- 
mercial basis.  The  amount  produced  in  each  of  these  states,  however, 
is  relatively  small.  Their  combined  production  during  these  five 
years  amounted  to  only  163,000  boxes  on  the  average,  which  was  less 
than  1  per  cent  of  the  total  United  States  production. 


Estimated  Commercial  Production  of  Oranges,  United  States,  1908-1927 


to     to 


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0>0)0>CnO>       Oi       Oi      Oi      Ch      Oi      o> 


Crop  year  (ending  in  the  year  given) 
Fig.  5. — There  has  been  a  pronounced  upward  trend  in  orange  production  in 


the  United  States  since  1908. 


(Data  from  table  22.) 


The  changes  in  the  United  States  orange  production  between  1908 
and  19274  are  shown  in  figure  5.     During  this  period  there  was  a 

4  Unless  otherwise  noted,  crop  years  are  used  rather  than  calendar  years  for 
data  pertaining  to  the  United  States.  In  California  the  crop  year  begins  in 
November  and  extends  through  October  of  the  following  year,  and  in  Florida  it 
begins  about  the  first  of  October  and  usually  extends  into  June.  Where  a  single 
date  is  used  to  designate  a  crop  year,  it  is  the  one  in  which  the  crop  year  ends; 
for  example,  the  period  1923-1927  refers  to  the  crop  years  from  1922-23  ito 
1926-27. 


Bul.  457] 


ORANGES 


11 


pronounced  upward  trend  in  production,  which  is  indicated  by  the 
hollow  line.  The  average  production  during  the  first  five  years  of 
this  twenty-year  period  amounted  to  17,006,000  boxes,  whereas  the 
average  production  during  the  last  five  years  amounted  to  31,756,000 
boxes.  This  is  an  increase  of  14,750,000  boxes,  or  87  per  cent.  During 
the  same  time  the  population  of  the  United  States  increased  only 
25  per  cent. 

Kelative  Changes  in  the  Commercial  Production  of  Oranges  in  California 
and  Florida,  1908-1927 


Calif, 


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Crop  year  (ending  in  the  year  given) 


Fig.  6. — Both  California  and  Florida  have  experienced  a  substantial  increase  in 
orange  production  during  the  past  twenty  years.  The  percentage  increase  in 
Florida,  however,  has  been  over  twice  as  large  as  in  California. 

(Data  from  table  22.) 


Orange  Production  in  California  and  Florida. — Of  the  total 
increase  of  14,750,000  boxes  in  the  national  orange  crop  between 
1908-1912  and  1923-1927  California  contributed  8,473,000  boxes,  or 
57  per  cent,  and  Florida  6,116,000  boxes,  or  42  per  cent.  California, 
therefore,  was  responsible  for  a  larger  proportion  of  the  total  increase 
than  Florida. 

Although  the  absolute  increase  in  orange  production  during  the 
past  twenty  years  was  less  in  Florida  than  in  California,  the  per- 
centage increase  was  greater.    This  is  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that 


12 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


the  total  production  at  the  beginning  of  the  period  was  considerably 
larger  in  California  than  in  Florida.  A  comparison  of  the  percentage 
changes  in  the  orange  production  of  the  two  states  between  1908  and 
1927  is  shown  in  figure  6.  It  will  be  noted  that  both  states  have 
experienced  a  rapid  increase  in  production.  In  Florida,  however, 
production  has  increased  at  an  even  faster  rate  than  in  California. 

Commercial  Production  and  Bearing  Acreage  of  Oranges  in  Florida,  1919-20 
to  1926-27,  and  Forecast  of  Trend  of  Bearing  Acreage,  1928-29  to  1932-33 

200  i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1  26,600 


160 


120 


80 


40 


FORFCAST    OF    TREND 

OF 

BEA 

RING 

ACREA 

GE^i 

BEAR 

ING     , 

kCREA 

/ 

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PRODUCTION  — ' 

21,280 


15,960  % 
o 

8 


10,640  5 

O 

i 

5,320 


Fig.  7. — The  bearing  acreage  of  oranges  in  Florida  is  likely  to  increase 
substantially  during  the  next  five  years.  With  favorable  climatic  conditions 
production  will  probably  be  very  much  larger  than  it  was  this  past  year. 

(Data  from  tables  1  and  22.) 


Between  1908-1912  and  1923-1927  the  percentage  increase  in  pro- 
duction in  Florida  amounted  to  150  per  cent,  and  in  California  to 
65  per  cent.  It  is  evident  that  Florida  has  become  an  increasingly 
important  competitor  of  California.  During  the  five  years  from  1908 
to  1912,  Florida  contributed  only  24  per  cent  of  the  total  United 
States  production;  now  Florida  contributes  32  per  cent. 

Probable  Future  Production. — The  trends  of  production  in  both 
California  and  Florida  are  likely  to  continue  upward  during  the  next 
few  years.  It  has  already  been  pointed  out  that  some  increase  in 
bearing  acreage  in  California  may  be  expected.  In  addition  there 
may  be  some  increase  in  the  average  yield  per  acre,  since  a  considerable 
proportion  of  the  trees  have  not  yet  reached  the  age  of  full  bearing. 


Bui*  457]  ORANGES  13 

Indications  point  to  an  enormous  increase  in  orange  production  in 
Florida  during  the  next  few  years.  Figure  7  was  prepared  to  help 
visualize  the  amount  of  this  probable  increase.  The  solid  line  in 
figure  7  represents  the  bearing  acreage  in  Florida  between  1919  and 
1927.  The  extension  of  this  line  represents  the  probable  trend  of 
bearing  acreage  during  the  next  five  years.  This  forecast  is  based 
upon  the  non-bearing  acreage  in  1927,  which  amounted  to  approxi- 
mately 80,000  acres.  An  orange  tree  in  Florida  comes  into  bearing  in 
five  years.  By  1932,  therefore,  even  the  youngest  of  the  present  non- 
bearing  trees  will  be  in  bearing.  This  does  not  mean,  of  course,  that 
there  will  be  a  net  increase  of  80,000  acres  in  the  bearing  acreage  by 
1932.  Some  of  the  present  non-bearing  acreage  may  not  reach  the  age 
of  bearing,  and  in  addition  some  of  the  bearing  acreage  will  probably 
be  taken  out.  To  take  care  of  this  mortality,  an  allowance  of  20  per 
cent  of  the  present  non-bearing  acreage  was  made.  This  leaves  a  net 
increase  in  bearing  acreage  of  64,000  acres  during  the  next  five  years. 

The  production  of  oranges  in  Florida  is  represented  by  the  broken 
line.  The  scale  of  production  is  adjusted  to  that  of  bearing  acreage 
on  the  basis  of  the  average  yield  per  acre  between  1920  and  1924. 
Conditions  in  Florida  with  respect  to  yield  per  acre  appear  to  have 
been  normal  during  these  five  years.  During  this  period  the  curves 
of  bearing  acreage  and  production  moved  closely  together,  with  the 
curve  of  production  fluctuating  above  and  below  the  curve  of  bearing 
acreage.  This  is  exactly  the  situation  that  we  would  expect  under 
normal  conditions. 

Conditions  during  the  four  years  from  1924-25  to  1927-28,  how- 
ever, have  been  considerably  below  normal.  Consequently  production 
has  not  kept  pace  with  the  rapid  increase  in  bearing  acreage.  The 
small  crops  of  1924-25  and  1925-26  were  largely  the  result  of  neglect 
arising  out  of  the  recent  real-estate  boom.  During  the  boom  large 
acreages  of  oranges  were  sub-divided.  They  were  not  properly  cared 
for  and  in  particular  no  fertilizer  was  applied.  Consequently  the 
yields  were  greatly  reduced.  The  small  crop  in  1926-27  was  the 
result  of  a  combination  of  events :  a  severe  freeze,  a  hurricane,  and  a 
drought.  The  1927-28  crop  was  also  small.  The  drought  which 
affected  the  1926-27  crop  continued.  In  addition  there  was  another 
severe  freeze  in  Florida  the  latter  part  of  1927. 

The  factors  which  caused  four  successive  low  crops  cannot  nor- 
mally be  expected  to  continue,  however.  The  real-estate  boom  has 
subsided,  and  the  neglected  orchards  have  been  largely  brought  back 
into  production.    The  freezes  in  1927  were  the  most  severe  since  1917, 


14  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

and  the  drought  was  the  most  severe  that  has  occurred  in  a  half 
century.  It  seems  reasonable  to  believe,  therefore,  that  conditions  in 
Florida  will  be  much  more  favorable  for  orange  production  during 
the  next  few  years  than  they  have  in  the  past  four  years.  With 
favorable  conditions  it  is  likely  that  the  production  of  oranges  will 
again  resume  a  position  with  respect  to  bearing  acreage  similar  to 
that  which  it  occupied  between  1920  and  1924. 

Fluctuations  in  Production  from  Year  to  Year. — Orange  produc- 
tion fluctuates  widely  from  year  to  year.  The  fluctuations  are  caused 
in  the  main  by  variations  in  climatic  conditions.  The  principal 
climatic  factors  which  affect  the  yield  of  oranges  are  frost,  wind,  and 
heat.  The  influence  of  the  first  two  of  these  three  factors  can  be 
partially  controlled :  frost  damage  by  orchard  heating ;  and  wind 
damage  by  the  planting  of  windbreaks.  Protection  against  heat, 
however,  cannot  be  economically  secured.  Fortunately,  periods  of 
extreme  heat  are  exceedingly  rare. 

The  direction  and  extent  of  the  fluctuations  in  orange  production 
in  California  and  Florida  are  shown  in  figure  6.  It  will  be  noted  that 
the  fluctuations  in  the  two  states  are  generally,  although  not  always, 
in  the  same  direction.  The  tendency  for  large  and  small  crops  to 
occur  at  the  same  time  in  the  two  states  is  probably  due  largely  to 
coincidence.  Nevertheless,  it  has  had  an  important  effect  upon  the 
marketing  of  oranges  in  that  it  has  accentuated  rather  than  diminished 
the  fluctuations  in  the  total  United  States  production. 

The  extent  of  the  fluctuations  in  production  in  the  two  states 
during  the  past  twenty  years  has  been  about  equal  on  the  average. 
Each  state  has  experienced  a  number  of  disastrous  seasons.  In  Cali- 
fornia the  crops  of  1913  and  1922  were  severely  damaged  by  frost, 
and  the  1918  crop  by  heat.  In  Florida  severe  freezes  occurred  in 
1911,  1917,  and  1927. 

California  Shipments  by  Varieties. — The  Navel  and  Valencia  are 
the  principal  varieties  of  oranges  grown  in  California.  Approximately 
98  per  cent  of  the  total  orange  shipments  at  the  present  time  are  of 
these  two  varieties.  The  remaining  2  per  cent  of  the  shipments  are 
made  up  of  a  number  of  miscellaneous  varieties  such  as  Mediterranean 
Sweets,  Bloods,  St.  Michaels,  Seedlings,  and  Tangerines. 

The  annual  shipments  of  Navels  and  Valencias  for  the  past  sixteen 
years  are  shown  in  figure  8,  Navel  shipments  being  represented  by  the 
solid  line  and  Valencia  shipments  by  the  broken  line.  It  is  at  once 
apparent  that  Valencia  shipments  have  increased  very  much  faster 
than  Navel  shipments,  both  absolutely  and  relatively.     Between  the 


Bul.  457J 


ORANGES 


15 


two  3-year  periods  of  1912-14  and  1925-27  the  increase  in  Valencia 
shipments  amounted  to  7,053,000  boxes,  or  249  per  cent;  whereas  the 
increase  in  Navel  shipments  amounted  to  only  1,527,000  boxes,  or 
17  per  cent.  Of  the  total  increase  in  orange  shipments  between  these 
two  periods  82  per  cent  were  Valencias  and  only  18  per  cent  were 
Navels. 

Shipments  of  Navel  and  Valencia  Oranges,  California,  1912-1927 


2      § 


8 

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Crop  year  (ending  in  the  year  given) 

Fig.  8. — During  the  past  sixteen  years  Valencia  shipments  have  increased 
greatly;  Navel  shipments,  only  slightly. 

(Data  for  years  1917-1927  from  California  Fruit  Growers  Exchange;  yeai-s  1912-1916 
estimates  by  the  writers.) 


Before  1918  the  Navel  was  the  predominant  variety  of  oranges 
grown  in  California.  Between  1912  and  1917  the  average  annual  ship- 
ments of  Navels  were  2.7  times  as  large  as  those  of  Valencias.  In  1918, 
however,  the  Navel  crop  was  greatly  reduced,  principally  because  of 
the  unprecedented  period  of  extreme  heat  in  June,  1917.  As  a  result 
the  shipments  of  Navels  fell  below  those  of  Valencias.  This  situation 
was,  of  course,  only  temporary.  For  each  of  the  following  seven  years 
the  Navel  shipments  Avere  again  the  larger  of  the  two,  although  the 
difference  between  them  was  not  as  great  as  before  1918.  But  during 
the  past  two  years  Valencias  have  been  more  important  than  Navels, 
and  this  situation  is  of  a  permanent  nature  as  contrasted  with  the 
temporary  situation  in  1918. 


16  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

It  is  also  likely  that  the  bulk  of  the  increase  in  orange  production 
during  the  next  few  years  will  be  Valencias.  Approximately  90  per 
cent  of  the  present  non-bearing  acreage  of  oranges  in  the  state  are 
Valencias  and  only  10  per  cent  are  Navels.  The  peak  of  Navel  pro- 
duction in  California  seems  to  have  been  reached. 

It  will  be  noted  in  figure  8  that  the  total  yearly  shipments  of 
California  Navels  and  Valencias  have  tended  to  fluctuate  in  the  same 
direction.  The  reason  for  this  situation  is  that  the  climatic  conditions 
throughout  most  of  the  orange-producing  areas  south  of  the  Tehachapi 
are  generally  similar.  Although  the  main  producing  districts  of 
Navels  and  Valencias  are  fairly  distinct,  they  are  not  widely  separated. 
In  addition  a  considerable  portion  of  the  two  varieties  are  produced  in 
the  same  districts.  The  production  north  of  the  Tehachapi,  which  is 
largely  Navels,  is  relatively  small,  and,  therefore,  does  not  exert  a 
pronounced  effect  upon  the  direction  of  the  fluctuation  in  the  total 
shipments.  It  sometimes  happens,  of  course,  that  the  shipments  of 
Navels  and  Valencias  fluctuate  in  opposite  directions.  For  example, 
in  1916  and  1920  there  was  an  increase  in  Valencia  shipments  and  a 
decrease  in  Navel  shipments.  The  decline  in  Navel  shipments  in  these 
two  years  was  chiefly  due  to  June  drop,  which  is  usually  a  more  serious 
problem  with  Navels  than  with  Valencias. 


SEASONAL    MOVEMENT   OF    ORANGE    SHIPMENTS 

Seasonal  Variation  in  Total  Shipments,  United  States. — Oranges 
are  an  all-year-round  product.  Carlot  shipments  of  oranges  in  con- 
siderable numbers  reach  the  consuming  markets  every  month  of  the 
year.  The  heaviest  shipments,  however,  occur  during  the  winter  and 
early  spring  months  (fig.  9).  On  the  average,  two-thirds  of  the 
United  States  orange  crop  is  shipped  during  the  six  months  from 
November  to  April.  December  is  usually  the  month  of  heaviest  ship- 
ments. From  May  to  July  shipments  decline  rapidly  and  remain  at 
a  relatively  low  point  during  August,  September,  and  October. 

The  percentage  of  the  total  crop  shipped  each  month  varies,  of 
course,  from  year  to  year.  The  greatest  variation  is  usually  in 
November,  which  is  largely  accounted  for  by  early  and  late  seasons. 
When  the  season  is  early  a  larger  proportion  of  the  crop  is  shipped 
in  November  than  when  it  is  late.  After  November  the  proportion 
shipped  during  each  of  the  remaining  months  is  remarkably  uniform 
from  year  to  year,  as  illustrated  by  the  close  correspondence  between 
the  five-year-average  curve  and  the  1926-27  curve  in  figure  9. 


Bul.  457] 


ORANGES 


17 


Seasonal  Variation  in  California  and  Florida  Shipments. — Figure 
10  shows  the  average  monthly  carlot  shipments  of  oranges  from  Cali- 
fornia and  Florida.  The  chief  difference  between  the  seasonal  move- 
ment of  oranges  from  these  two  states  is  at  once  apparent.  California 
ships  oranges  every  month  in  the  year.  Florida  ships  oranges  during 
only  a  part  of  the  year.  The  new-crop  Florida  oranges  start  to 
market  in  October,  the  month  which  practically  marks  the  end  of  the 


Percentage  or  Total  Carlot  Shipments  of  United  States  Oranges  Shipped 
by  Months,  1926-27,  and  Average,  1922-23  to  1926-27 


Ave 
1923 


rage 
-192 

1926-27 


27      £  2  2 


10 


l 

\ 

•  —  -._, 

"'  .'^ 

-     1926 

-27 

/ 

k    "V 

/ 

/ 

AVERAGE     ' 
1922-23  TO    1926-27 

^^ 

N.  ^ 

"■ 

s 


Fig.  9. — Oranges  move  to  market  every  month  in  the  year, 
shipments,  however,  are  during  the  winter  and  spring  months. 
(Data  compiled  from  table  24.) 


The   heaviest 


California  Valencia  season.  During  the  next  two  months,  shipments 
from  Florida  increase  rapidly.  The  peak  of  shipments  is  usually  in 
December.  Approximately  20  per  cent  of  the  crop  is  shipped  during 
that  one  month.  January  and  February  are  likewise  months  of  heavy 
shipments,  although  somewhat  smaller  than  December.  During  each 
of  the  four  months  of  November  to  February,  Florida  normally  ships 
more  oranges  than  California.  By  the  end  of  February  approxi- 
mately 70  per  cent  of  the  Florida  crop  has  been  shipped.  From  March 
on,  shipments  decline  rapidly,  and  by  June  they  are  practically 
negligible.  In  the  future,  shipments  in  February,  March,  and  April 
may  be  larger  as  compared  with  the  other  months  than  they  are  now, 


18  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

because  the  bulk  of  the  recent  plantings  in  Florida  are  Valencias, 
which  mature  late  in  the  season. 

Shipments  of  new-crop  California  oranges  begin  in  November  and 
continue  actively  throughout  the  year.  The  heaviest  shipping  period 
is  during  the  four  months  of  March  to  June,  when  approximately 
55  per  cent  of  the  total  orange  crop  in  the  state  moves  to  market. 
April  is  usually  the  month  of  heaviest  shipments,  with  May  a  close 
second.  After  May  shipments  decline,  reaching  a  low  point  in 
October.  The  tendency  has  been  for  the  movement  of  oranges  from 
this  state  to  become  more  uniform  throughout  the  season  because  of 
the  rapid  increase  in  Valencia  production.  And  since  a  large  part  of 
the  present  non-bearing  orange  acreage  in  the  state  is  Valencias,  it  is 
likely  that  the  seasonal  movement  will  become  even  more  uniform 
during  the  next  few  years  than  it  is  now. 

The  fact  that  California  oranges  are  shipped  to  market  every 
month  of  the  year  is  of  great  value  to  the  industry.  It  enables  the 
consumption  of  oranges  to  be  spread  out  over  a  long  period.  If  all 
of  the  oranges  produced  in  this  state  had  to  be  consumed  within  five  or 
six  months,  the  returns  would  undoubtedly  be  much  lower.  Again, 
a  continuous  supply  of  oranges  enables  the  sales  organizations  to 
operate  more  efficiently. 

An  orange-shipping  season  which  extends  throughout  the  entire 
year  is  made  possible  in  California  by  a  number  of  conditions : 
( 1 )  Oranges  are  grown  in  different  climatic  zones  in  which  the  normal 
season  of  maturity  is  different,  (2)  The  two  most  important  varieties 
of  oranges  grown  in  California  mature  at  different  periods  of  the  year. 
Navels  mature  early,  Valencias  late.  Furthermore,  both  varieties  are 
grown  in  each  of  the  climatic  zones.  This  gives  a  succession  of 
ripening  periods  throughout  the  year.  (3)  After  oranges  are  mature, 
they  can  generally  be  held  on  the  trees  for  a  considerable  period. 
This  makes  it  possible  to  distribute  them  more  evenly  between  the 
normal  periods  of  ripening  of  the  two  varieties. 

According  to  Professor  Robert  W.  Hodgson,  Division  of  Sub- 
tropical Horticulture,  University  of  California,  the  chief  reason  why 
the  shipping  season  in  Florida  is  so  much  shorter  than  in  California 
is  that  the  oranges  in  the  several  producing  districts  in  Florida 
mature  at  about  the  same  time.  Florida  does  not  have  such  distinct 
climatic  zones  as  exist  in  California.  There  is  seldom  over  two  or 
three  weeks  difference  in  the  time  of  maturity  between  the  earliest 
and  the  latest  district  in  Florida.  The  other  main  factors  which 
affect  the  length  of  the  shipping  season  are  somewhat  similar  in  the 


Bul.  457] 


ORANGES 


11) 


two  states.  Florida  has  early  and  late  varieties,  although  their  ripen- 
ing periods  are  not  as  far  apart  as  in  California.  And,  with  the 
exception  of  the  Pineapple  variety,  oranges  can  be  held  on  the  trees 
nearly  as  long  in  Florida  as  they  can  in  any  given  district  in 
California. 


Monthly  Carlot  Shipments  of  Oranges,  California  and  Florida, 
Average  1922-23  to  1926-27 


<o 

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8000 


6000 


4000 


2000 


I 


F.'g.    10. — Florida   oranges   compete   most   severely   with    California    oranges 
during  the  five  months  of  November  to  March. 

(Data  compiled  from  table  24.) 


Seasonal  Variation  in  Navel  and  Valencia  Shipments. — The  average 
monthly  shipments  of  Navel  and  Valencia  oranges  from  California  are 
shown  in  figure  11.  The  shipping  periods  of  these  two  varieties  are 
fairly  distinct.  They  largely  supplement  each  other  rather  than 
compete  with  each  other.  Thus  during  the  period  from  November  to 
March,  when  the  shipments  of  Navels  are  heaviest,  practically  no 
Valencias  are  shipped.  And  as  Valencia  shipments  increase,  Navel 
shipments  decline.  By  the  time  Valencia  shipments  have  reached  the 
peak,  the  entire  Navel  crop  is  gone.    It  is  only  during  April  and  May 


20 


UNIVERSITY   OF    CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT    STATION 


that  Navels  and  Valencias  compete  to  any  considerable  extent  with 
each  other  in  the  consuming  market. 

By  referring  to  figures  10  and  11  it  will  be  seen  that  Florida 
oranges  compete  most  severely  with  California  Navels.  Heavy  ship- 
ments of  Florida  oranges  reach  the  markets  during  practically  the 
entire  Navel  season.  Since  orange  production  in  Florida  has  been 
increasing  rapidly  the  California  Navel  grower  has  been  subjected  to 
keener  and  keener  competition.  Furthermore,  it  is  likely  that  this 
competition  will  continue  to  increase  for  some  time. 


Monthly  Shipments  of  Navel  and  Valencia  Oranges,  California, 
Average  1923-24  to  1926-27 


Navels 


Valencias      2 


rH  CM  .H 


2,500 


I 


Fig.  11. — California  Navel  and  Valencia  oranges  do  not  compete  seriously 
with  each  other.  Navels,  however,  meet  with  keen  competition  from  Florida 
oranges;  while  Valencias  meet  with  keen  competition  from  other  fresh  fruits. 

(Data  compiled  from  records  of  the  California  Fruit  Growers  Exchange.) 


California  Valencias,  on  the  other  hand,  practically  have  the  orange 
market  to  themselves.  During  the  peak  of  the  Valencia  season  both 
Florida  oranges  and  California  Navels  are  out  of  the  market.  There 
are,  however,  large  quantities  of  fresh  fruits  available  on  the  market 
during  the  entire  Valencia  season. 


Bul.  457] 


ORANGES 


21 


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Grapefruits 

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2,846 
1,021 
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2,442 
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1,884 

8,918 

2,228 

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405 
1,902 
3,621 
9,977 
3,366 
1,479 

a 
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3,477 
206 

1,435 
293 

8,135 
13,014 

2,751 

3,864 
11,256 

1,400 

5,353 
9,742 
3,556 
6,324 
10,875 
3,000 

cars 
2,860 
69 
993 

e 

2,395 
6,130 
2,781 
5,599 
8,969 
3,800 

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2,683 

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593 
2,807 
9,078 
4,200 

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1,421 

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2,577 

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22 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


Monthly  Carlot  Shipments  of  Certain  Fresh  Fruits,  United  States, 
Average  1923-1927 


5- 


PEARS 


Ega 


5- 


TABLE     GRAPES 


IfltitA 


tmmm 


LEMONS 


nrm  nrrrm  vxa/a  1*7771  YY7/\  K^SiVJ  ic*/wm„ 


Fig.  12. — Most  of  the  fresh  fruits  are  marketed  during  the  summer  and  fall 
months.  Thus  they  compete  more  severely  with  Valencia  oranges  than  with 
Navel  oranges. 

(Data  from  table  3.) 


Seasonal  Movement  of  Other  Fresh  Fruits. — Figure  12  shows  the 
shipping  seasons  of  a  number  of  the  important  fresh  fruits  which 
compete  with  oranges  in  the  consuming  markets.  It  will  be  noted 
that  the  bulk  of  them  come  on  the  market  at  the  same  time  as  Valencia 
oranges.    Strawberry  shipments  are  heaviest  in  May,  cantaloupe  ship- 


Bul.  457 


ORANGES 


23 


ments  in  June  and  July,  peach  shipments  in  July  and  August,  pear 
shipments  in  August  and  September,  and  table-grape  shipments  in 
September  and  October.  Apples,  lemons,  and  bananas  are  also 
important  competitors  of  Valencia  oranges.  In  the  summer,  early 
apples  such  as  Gravensteins  are  available,  and  in  the  fall  the  main 
apple  crop  is  harvested.5  The  principal  competition  between  lemons 
and  oranges  is  in  the  preparation  of  soft  drinks,  which  are  used  most 
extensively  during  the  summer  months.  Although  lemon  shipments 
continue  actively  throughout  the  year,  the  heaviest  shipping  period  is 
during  May,  June,  and  July.  These  are  also  the  months  of  largest 
lemon  imports.  The  imports  of  bananas  are  also  heaviest  during  the 
Valencia  season.  During  the  past  three  years  59  per  cent  of  the  total 
annual  imports  have  come  in  between  May  and  October  as  against 
41  per  cent  between  November  and  April. 

TABLE  4 

Annual  Caklot  Shipments  of  Certain  Fresh  Fruits  in  the  United  States, 
Average  1920-1921  and  1926-1927 


Average 
1920-1921 

Average 
1926-1927 

Increase  from 
1920-1921  to  1926-1927 

Apples 

cars 
103,635 
87,783 
23,215 
24,384 

9,032 
10,803 
11,839 

5,383 
14,540 

cans 

115,482 

123,610 

36,750 

28,934 

15,474 

13,413 

17,701 

6,484 

21,359 

cars 

11,847 
35,827 
13,535 
4,550 
6,442 
2,610 
5,862 
1,101 
6,819 

per  cent 
11  4 
40  8 

Peaches  

58.3 
18  7 

71  3 

24  2 

49.5 

20  5 

46.9 

Total 

290,614 

379,207 

88,593 

30  5 

Sources  of  data:  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Bur.  Agr.  Econ.  Crops  and  Markets,  except  as  follows:  Peach  ship- 
ments have  been  corrected  for  dried  and  canned  outputs  in  California.  Banana  shipments  are  net  imports 
converted  to  cars  on  the  basis  of  450  bunches  per  car.  The  import  figures  are  from  U.  S.  Dept.  Commerce, 
Monthly  Summary  of  Foreign  Commerce  of  the  United  States,  monthly  issues. 


California  Navel  oranges  do  not  entirely  escape  from  the  com- 
petition of  other  fresh  fruits,  Large  quantities  of  storage  apples  are 
available  during  the  winter  and  spring  months.  It  is  probable  that 
apples  compete  even  more  with  Navel  than  with  Valencia  oranges. 
The  imports  of  bananas  during  the  Navel  season,  while  not  as  large 
as  during  the  Valencia  season,  are  of  sufficient  volume  to  affect  the 


5  The  monthly  shipments  of  apples  are  not  shown  in  figure  12  because  they  do 
not  represent  the  movement  into  consumption,  since  a  large  part  of  the  crop 
is  stored. 


24 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


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BUL.457]  ORANGES  25 

sale  of  oranges.  The  shipping  season  of  grapefruits,  as  shown  in 
figure  12,  practically  coincides  with  that  of  Navels.  In  addition  to 
apples,  bananas,  and  grapefruits,  late  shipments  of  grapes  and  storage 
pears  are  available  for  consumption  during  the  early  part  of  the  Navel 
season,  and  strawberries  appear  in  the  markets  during  the  latter  part 
of  the  season. 

The  facts  just  presented  indicate  that  consumers  are  offered  large 
quantities  of  other  fruits  in  competition  with  oranges.  This  compe- 
tition has  become  more  intense  during  recent  years.  Table  4  shows 
the  changes  between  1920-1921  and  1926-1927  in  the  carlot  shipments 
of  nine  of  the  important  fresh  fruits  which  compete  more  or  less  with 
oranges.  It  will  be  noted  that  there  has  been  a  substantial  increase 
in  the  shipments  of  every  one  of  them.  The  percentage  increases 
ranged  from  11.4  per  cent  in  the  case  of  apples  to  71.3  per  cent  in 
the  case  of  strawberries.  The  total  increase  in  the  shipments  of  these 
nine  fruits  amounted  to  88,593  cars,  or  30.5  per  cent. 

Monthly  Shipments  of  Oranges  by  Counties,  California. — Table  5 
gives  the  average  monthly  shipments  of  oranges  from  the  principal 
orange-producing  counties  in  California  for  the  period  from  November, 
1921,  to  October,  1926.  The  average  of  the  monthly  shipments  gives 
a  reliable  indication  of  the  normal  movement  of  oranges  from  the 
different  counties.  It  will  be  noted  that  each  of  the  main  orange- 
producing  counties  in  the  southern  district  ships  oranges  every  month 
of  the  year.  The  distribution  of  the  shipments  throughout  the  year 
from  the  different  counties,  however,  is  not  the  same.  For  example, 
the  bulk  of  the  oranges  produced  in  Riverside  County  are  shipped 
during  the  first  half  of  the  season,  those  in  Orange  County  during 
the  last  half  of  the  season.  The  principal  reason  for  this  is  that 
Riverside  County  produces  mostly  Navel  oranges,  while  Orange 
County  produces  mostly  Valencias. 


IMPORTANT    ORANGE    MARKETS    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES 

Wide  Distribution  of  Oranges. — Sufficient  data  are  not  available 
to  make  a  thorough  analysis  of  the  distribution  of  the  United  States 
orange  shipments.  The  data  we  have,  however,  clearly  indicate  that 
oranges  are  widely  distributed.  According  to  figures  collected  by 
the  Bureau  of  Agricultural  Economics  of  the  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  Florida  oranges  in  carlots  were  shipped  to  542 
cities  located  in  38  different  states  of  the  Union  and  to  12  cities  in 
Canada  during  the  1926-27  season.    California  oranges  are  even  more 


26 


UNIVERSITY    OP    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


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widely  distributed.  The  California  Fruit  Growers  Exchange  reports 
carlot  sales  in  over  700  cities  in  the  United  States  in  1927.  During 
the  three  years  of  1924-1926,  65.1  per  cent  of  Florida  shipments  were 
unloaded  in  32  of  the  34  cities  outside  of  California  for  which  unload 
figures  are  available  (table  6).  On  the  other  hand,  only  57.7  per  cent 
of  California  shipments  were  unloaded  in  the  entire  34  cities.  New 
York  City  alone  received  21  per  cent  of  Florida  total  shipments,  but 
only  14  per  cent  of  California  total  shipments. 

Main  Markets  for  Oranges  in  the  United  States. — The  location  and 
relative  importance  of  the  principal  markets  for  oranges  in  the  United 
States  are  shown  in  figure  13.  The  majority  of  these  markets  are 
located  in  the  midwestern  and  eastern  states.  New  York  City, 
Chicago,  Boston,  and  Philadelphia  are  the  largest  orange-consuming 
markets.  During  the  three  years  of  1924-1926,  35  per  cent  of  the 
total  carlot  shipments  were  unloaded  in  these  four  markets,  and  18  per 
cent  were  unloaded  in  New  York  City  alone. 

The  black  portion  of  the  circles  in  figure  13  represents  the  unloads 
from  California,  the  shaded  portion,  those  from  Florida,  and  the 
white  portion,  the  imports.  In  the  markets  west  of  St.  Louis,  Cali- 
fornia oranges  meet  with  practically  no  competition,  but  in  those 
east  of  St.  Louis  they  meet  with  intense  competition  from  Florida 
oranges.  As  one  goes  east  and  south  from  St.  Louis  there  is  a  decided 
tendency  for  California  to  supply  a  smaller  proportion  and  for  Florida 
to  supply  a  larger  proportion  of  the  oranges.  The  cities  in  the 
southeastern  states  receive  the  bulk  of  their  oranges  from  Florida, 
California  oranges  go  into  these  cities  only  during  the  season  when 
Florida  oranges  are  out  of  market. 


CONSUMPTION   OF   ORANGES 

The  average  consumption  of  oranges  in  the  United  States  during 
the  past  five  years  amounted  to  29,556,000  boxes  annually,  which  is 
equivalent  to  51  oranges  for  every  person  in  the  country.  This  amount 
is  considerably  larger  than  was  ever  consumed  before.  The  trend  of 
per-capita  consumption  as  shown  in  figure  14  has  been  upward. 
Between  1908-1912  and  1923-1927  the  increase  in  the  per-capita 
consumption  amounted  to  16  oranges,  or  46  per  cent. 

A  fact  of  great  importance  to  the  orange  industry  is  that  this 
large  increase  in  consumption  has  taken  place  without  a  corresponding 
decline  in  the  price.    In  fact  prices  have  increased  during  this  period. 


28 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


▼  W 


Bul.  457] 


ORANGES 


29 


People  are  not  only  eating  more  oranges  now  than  before  the  war, 
but  they  are  paying  more  for  them.  There  has  been  a  substantial 
increase  in  the  demand  for  oranges. 

This  increase  in  demand  which  is  manifested  in  both  increased 
consumption  and  higher  prices  was  a  result  of  many  factors.  No 
attempt  is  made  here  to  measure  the  influence  of  each  of  them.  The 
more  important  ones,  however,  are  discussed  briefly : 

1.  Workers  in  nutrition,  such  as  doctors,  dieticians,  nurses,  home- 
economics  teachers,  home  demonstration  agents,  and  social-service 
workers,  are  constantly  urging  people  to  eat  more  oranges  because 
the  orange  contains  valuable  food  properties  in  an  attractive  and 
available  form.  These  people  have  done  much  to  promote  the  con- 
sumption of  oranges,  and  they  have  done  it  largely  without  cost  to 
the  orange  grower. 


Pek-Capita  Consumption  of  Oranges,  United  States,  1908-1927 


Crop  year  (ending  in  the  year  given) 

Fig.  14. — People  are  eating  nearly  50  per  cent  more  oranges  now  than  they 
did  twenty  years  ago.  (Data  from  table  23.) 

2.  Another  powerful  stimulus  to  the  increased  consumption  of 
oranges  is  the  advertising  done  by  the  California  Fruit  Growers 
Exchange.  That  organization  has  consistently  carried  on  a  policy 
of  national  advertising  for  twenty  years.  It  has  tied  in  its  adver- 
tising efforts  with  the  recommendations  of  the  nutrition  workers,  thus 
keeping  constantly  before  the  consumers  the  healthful  qualities  of  the 
orange.  In  connection  with  the  advertising  program,  comprehensive 
dealer-service  activities  have  been  carried  on,  the  main  purposes  of 
which  are  the  promotion  with  the  trade  of  adequate  displays,  reason- 
able margins,  and  rapid  turnover. 


30  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

3.  The  widening  of  the  market  areas  and  the  extension  of  the 
marketing  season  have  contributed  to  the  increased  consumption  of 
oranges.  Formerly  oranges  were  available  only  in  the  larger  cities; 
now  they  are  available  in  practically  all  sections»of  the  United  States. 
Before  the  large  increase  in  Valencia  orange  production  in  California, 
oranges  were  generally  available  only  between  October  and  May ; 
now  they  are  available  throughout  the  year. 

4.  Within  the  past  five  years  an  important  outlet  for  oranges  has 
been  developed,  namely,  commercial  orangeade.  The  development  of 
this  outlet  has  been  largely  due  to  the  efforts  of  the  California  Fruit 
Growers  Exchange.  That  organization  has  sold  over  45,000  Sunkist 
electrical  juice  extractors  at  cost  to  fountains,  hotels,  restaurants, 
clubs,  and  hospitals.  Orange  juice  is  now  considered  to  be  the  most 
important  single  use  for  oranges. 

5.  The  development  of  a  uniformly  dependable  product  has  gone 
far  towards  increasing  the  demand  for  oranges.  Consumers  can  now 
buy  California  oranges  with  the  assurance  that  they  are  getting  a 
quality  product.  Standardization  of  grades  and  improvement  in  the 
methods  of  handling  have  been  largely  responsible  for  the  uniform 
high-quality  oranges  now  shipped  from  this  state. 


PRICES    AND    PURCHASING    POWER 

Relative  Prices  of  Oranges  Compared  with  the  General  Price 
Level. — The  solid  line  in  figure  15  shows  the  annual  prices  of  all 
oranges  f.o.b.  California  expressed  as  percentages  of  the  1910-1914 
average  price.  During  the  eight-year  period  from  1910  to  1917  no 
definite  upward  or  downward  trend  in  prices  is  apparent.  In  1918 
prices  rose  to  an  unprecedented  height  and  remained  at  approximately 
that  height  for  three  years.  It  is  misleading,  however,  to  assume 
that  growers  were  as  much  more  prosperous  during  these  three  years 
than  before  1918  as  is  indicated  by  the  rise  in  orange  prices,  because 
the  prices  of  practically  everything  were  higher.  The  broken  line 
represents  the  general  price  level  of  all  commodities,6  and  it  will  be 
noted  that  in  1919  and  1920  it  was  at  approximately  the  same  height 
as  the  price  of  oranges.  Although  the  orange  grower  received  over 
twice  as  many  dollars  for  a  box  of  oranges  in  1919  and  1920  as  he  did 
before  the  war,  each  dollar  would  buy  less  than  half  as  much  of  all 
commodities.     In  other  words,  the  rise  in  the  general  price  level  just 


6  The  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  all-commodity  index  of  wholesale  prices  in 
the  United  States  is  used  to  measure  the  changes  in  the  general  price  level. 


Bul.  457] 


ORANGES 


31 


about  offset  the  rise  in  the  price  of  oranges.  Consequently  growers 
could  not  buy  any  more  of  other  commodities  with  the  money  they 
received  for  a  box  of  oranges  than  they  could  before  1914.  In  order 
to  obtain  an  accurate  picture  of  the  influence  of  changing  prices  upon 
the  prosperity  of  the  growers,  it  is  necessary,  therefore,  to  make  an 
allowance  for  the  changes  in  the  general  price  level.  In  the  case  of 
oranges  this  was  done  by  dividing  their  price  by  the  Bureau  of  Labor 
Statistics  all-commodity  index  number  of  wholesale  prices  in  the 
United  States.  The  figure  thus  obtained  is  commonly  called  pur- 
chasing power. 

Relative  Prices  of  Oranges  and  the  All-Commodity  Index,  1910-1927 
(Average  1910-14  =  100) 

Oranges  o>       to      to      t~      to       *#      to 

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Crop  year  (ending  in  the  year  given) 

Fig.  15. — As  compared  with  their  pre-war  levels  orange  prices  have  been 
considerably  higher  during  the  past  three  years  than  the  prices  of  'all  com- 
modities.' 

(Data  from  table  25.) 


Purchasing  Power  of  All  Oranges. — The  purchasing  power  of  all 
oranges  f.o.b.  California  is  shown  in  figure  16.  Between  1910  and 
1924  there  was  no  significant  change  in  the  level  of  purchasing  power. 
The  yearly  values  fluctuated  about  the  pre-war  level  but  never  stayed 
either  far  above  or  far  below  it  for  more  than  one  year.  During  the 
past  three  years,  however,  the  situation  has  been   much   different. 


32 


UNIVERSITY    OP    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


The  purchasing  power  has  been  maintained  at  a  substantially  higher 
level.  Considered  from  the  standpoint  of  purchasing  power,  the 
period  from  1925  to  1927  was  apparently  the  most  prosperous  three- 
year  period  which  the  industry  has  had  in  twenty  years. 

Purchasing  Power  of  All  Oranges,  F.  O.  B.  California,  1910-1927 
(Average  1910-14  =  100) 


Crop  year  (ending  in  the  year  given) 

Fig.  16. — Between  1910  and  1924  no  definite  upward  or  downward  trend  in  the 
purchasing  power  of  all  oranges  occurred.  Since  1924  the  purchasing  power  has 
been  maintained  at  a  new  high  level.  (Data  from  table  25.) 


A  comparison  of  the  purchasing  power  of  oranges  with  that  of 
other  farm  products  brings  out  striking  differences.  Producers  of 
staple  commodities  such  as  wheat,  corn,  and  the  livestock  products, 
were  relatively  more  prosperous  than  orange  growers  during  and 
immediately  after  the  war.  Since  1920,  however,  the  situation  has 
been  reversed.  The  post-war  depression,  which  had  such  a  disastrous 
effect  upon  most  of  the  great  agricultural  industries,  was  scarcely 
felt  by  the  orange  grower. 

Purchasing  Potver  of  Valencias. — The  purchasing  power  of 
Valencia  oranges  f.o.b.  California  between  1910  and  1927  is  shown 
by  the  solid  line  in  figure  17.  The  variations  in  purchasing  power 
from  year  to  year  have  generally  been  in  the  opposite  direction  from 
the  variations  in  shipments  which  are  shown  by  the  broken  line. 
Throughout  the  entire  sixteen-year  period  from  1912  to  1927,  with  the 
exception  of  two  years,  purchasing  power  varied  inversely  with  ship- 
ments. Large  shipments  were  accompanied  by  low  purchasing  power, 
small  shipments  by  high  purchasing  power.     Other  factors  such  as 


Bul.  457] 


ORANGES 


33 


weather  conditions  in  the  consuming  markets,  quality  and  sizes  of 
the  oranges,  and  the  competition  of  other  fruits  also  affect  the  vari- 
ations in  purchasing  power  from  year  to  year.  For  example,  the 
failure  of  the  purchasing  power  of  Valencias  to  decline  with  the 
increase  in  shipments  in  1927  is  largely  explained  by  the  fact  that 
the  volume  of  other  fruits  marketed  in  competition  with  them  was 
much  smaller  in  1927  than  in  1926. 

California  Valencia  Oranges:  Purchasing  Power,  1910-1927* 
Shipments,  1912-1927 

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Fig.  17.— Between  1910  and  1920  the  trend  of  purchasing  power  of  Valencia 
oranges  was  downward;  since  1920  it  has  been  upward. 

(Data  on  shipments  from  figure  8,  on  purchasing  power  from  table  25.) 


In  figure  17  it  will  be  noted  that  a  significant  change  in  the  trend 
of  purchasing  power  of  Valencias  has  occurred.  Between  1910  and 
1920  the  trend  was  downward;  since  1920  it  has  been  upward.  One 
important  cause  for  the  downward  trend  was  the  large  increase  in 
shipments.  The  decline  in  purchasing  power,  however,  was  much 
less  than  the  increase  in  shipments.  This  indicates  that  the  demand 
for  Valencias  was  substantially  increased. 

During  recent  years  the  trends  of  both  purchasing  power  and 
shipments  have  been  upward.     The  relative  increase  in  shipments, 


34 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


however,  has  not  been  as  large  as  before.  The  demand  for  Valencias 
has  increased  even  more  than  the  increase  in  shipments.  Conse- 
quently purchasing  power  has  tended  to  rise.  During  the  past  three 
years  it  has  averaged  17  per  cent  above  the  pre-war  level.  This 
recent  upward  trend  in  purchasing  power,  however,  should  not  be 
expected  to  continue.  Indications  are  that  the  probable  increase  in 
shipments  during  the  next  few  years  will  be  sufficient  to  supply  any 
reasonable  increase  in  demand.  On  the  other  hand,  the  present  level 
of  values  can  probably  be  maintained. 

Purchasing  Power  of  California  Navel  Oranges,  1910-1927,  and  Combined 
Shipments  of  California  Navel  and  Florida  Oranges,  1912-1927 


Purchasing  m  .-» 

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Fig.  18. — Since  1924-25  the  purchasing  power  of  Navel  oranges  has  averaged 
almost  50  per  cent  above  the  pre-war  level.  The  variations  in  purchasing  power 
from  year  to  year  are  caused  mainly  by  fluctuations  in  shipments. 

(Data  on  shipments  from  figure  8,  on  purchasing  power  from  table  25.) 


Purchasing  Power  of  Navels. — The  purchasing  power  of  Navel 
oranges  f .o.b.  California  is  shown  by  the  solid  line  in  figure  18.  The 
combined  shipments  of  California  Navels  and  Florida  oranges  are 
shown  by  the  broken  line.  The  changes  in  the  purchasing  power 
from  year  to  year  are  closely  related  to  the  changes  in  shipments. 
With  only  one  exception  an  increase  in  shipments  was  accompanied 
by  a  decline  in  purchasing  power,  and  conversely,  a  decrease  in  ship- 
ments was  accompanied  by  an  increase  in  purchasing  power. 


Bul.  457] 


ORANGES 


35 


The  shipments  of  Florida  oranges  were  combined  with  those  of 
California  Navels  in  measuring  the  effect  of  shipments  upon  prices. 
The  fact  that  the  volume  of  Florida  oranges  on  the  market  has  an 
important  effect  upon  the  prices  received  for  California  Navels  is 
clearly  shown  in  figure  19.  The  weekly  average  prices  of  California 
oranges  on  the  New  York  auction  market  during  the  1925-26  Navel 
season,  the  number  of  boxes  of  California  oranges  sold,  and  the  total 
number  of  boxes  sold  are  given  in  this  figure.  It  will  be  noted  that 
the  price  of  California  oranges  is  more  closely  correlated  with  the 
total  boxes  sold  than  with  the  boxes  from  California  alone. 


Prices  of  California  Oranges  and  Volume  of  California  and  Florida 

Oranges  Sold  on  the  New  York  Auction  Market  by  Weeks, 

December  4,  1925,  to  April  23,  1926 


140 
120 

100 

a 

g      80 

o      60 


40 


20 


v_ 


V*< 


V 


/  V 


<~~\ 


V 

MM 


V  BOXES     FROM 

CALIFORNIA       &     FLORIDA 


z^. 


V 


y 


N. 


%0- 


1     V 

BOXES     FROM     CALIFORNIA 


5 


i  i  i 


i  i  i 


L^ 


7 
6 
5 

♦I 

u 

3  u. 


December 


January 


February 


March 


April 


Fig.  19. — The  volume  of  Florida  oranges  affects  the  price  of  California  Navels. 
(Data  from  table  7.) 


There  has  been  a  substantial  increase  in  the  demand  for  oranges 
during  the  Navel  season,  particularly  since  the  war.  A  fairly  definite 
idea  of  the  extent  of  the  increase  may  be  obtained  by  comparing  the 
average  shipments  and  purchasing  power  for  the  three  years  1919 
to  1921  with  the  past  three  years.  Between  these  two  three-year 
periods  shipments  increased  25  per  cent,  and  purchasing  power,  41 
per  cent.  Consumers  not  only  bought  more  oranges,  but  they  paid 
more  for  them  as  well. 

The  trend  of  purchasing  power  of  Navels  has  been  somewhat 
different  from  that  of  Valencias.  It  will  be  recalled  that  the  trend 
of  Valencia  purchasing  power  was  downward  between  1910  and  1920. 
Navels  did  not  experience  a  similar  decline.  For  the  fifteen  years 
before  1925  the  trend  of  Navel  purchasing  power  was  maintained  at 


36 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


approximately  the  pre-war  level,  with  the  yearly  values  fluctuating 
above  and  below  it.  During  the  past  three  years,  however,  a  new 
high  level  of  purchasing  power  has  been  established,  which  has 
averaged  47  per  cent  above  the  pre-war  level.  And  the  present 
indications  are  that  the  purchasing  power  of  the  1927-28  Navel  crop 
will  be  even  higher. 

TABLE  7 

Prices  of  California  Oranges  and  Sales  of  California  and  Florida  Oranges, 

New  York  Auction  Market,  December  4,  1925,  to  April  23,  1926 


Price  of 

California 

oranges 

Sales  of  oranges  from 

California 

Florida 

Total 

Dec.    4 

dollars  per  box 
4.79 
4.46 
4.57 
4.45 

4.40 
3.80 
3.91 
4.93 
4.60 

4.29 
4.50 
4.82 
4.64 

4.68 
4.55 
4.49 

4  97 

4.88 
5.38 
6.02 

5  42 

boxes 
55,174 
43,639 
56,014 
32,755 

36,782 
47,881 
32,932 
27,217 
.       41,731 

45,545 
26,044 
36,345 
48,374 

39,834 
43,579 
54,603 
47,526 

50,115 
36,521 
45,652 
57,067 

boxes 
63,893 
54,575 
43,357 
32,306 

27,622 
37,436 
45,376 
50,482 
54,379 

52,477 
46,561 
54,066 
59,567 

58,316 
62,974 
53,766 
56,396 

56,711 
44,492 
60,169 
71,031 

boxes 
119,067 

11 

98,214 

18 

99,371 

25 

65,061 

64,404 

8 

85,317 

15 

78,308 

22 

77,699 

29 

96,110 

Feb.    5 

98,022 

•12 

72,605 

19 

90,411 

26 

107,941 

98,150 

12 

106,553 

19 

108,369 

26 

103,922 

Apr.    2 .' 

106,826 

9 

81,013 

16 

105,821 

23 

128,098 

Source  of  data:    Bureau  of  Railway  Economics.    Oranges,  commodity  prices  in  their  relation  to 
transportation  costs.     Bureau  of  Railway  Economics  Bui.  22:  14,  1927. 


It  should  not  be  assumed,  however,  that  the  present  high  level  of 
purchasing  power  of  Navel  oranges  can  be  maintained  during  the 
coming  years.  It  has  already  been  pointed  out  that  there  will  prob- 
ably be  an  enormous  increase  in  orange  production  in  Florida  within 
the  next  few  years.  As  a  result,  the  supply  of  oranges  available  for 
consumption  between  November  and  April  is  likely  to  increase  faster 
than  demand  has  ever  increased  in  the  past  or  than  it  may  reasonably 
be  expected  to  increase  in  the  future. 


Bul.  457] 


ORANGES 


37 


Prices  by  Size. — It  is  well  known  that  the  various  sizes  of  oranges 
generally  sell  for  different  prices  per  box.  Sometimes  large  oranges 
bring  more  than  small  oranges;  at  other  times  they  bring  less.  The 
solid  line  on  the  left  in  figure  20  shows  the  average  prices  per  box 
for  the  different  sizes  of  Valencia  oranges  between  1924  and  1927.  The 
price  of  each  size  is  expressed  as  a  percentage  of  the  average  price  of 
176  's,  200  's,  and  216 's.  It  will  be  noted  that  during  the  four-year 
period  the  sizes  from  126 's  to  200  's,  inclusive,  brought  the  highest 
prices  on  the  average.  Each  size  larger  than  126 's  and  smaller  than 
200  's  brought  a  lower  price  than  the  preceding  size.  Thus  the  price 
of  80  's  was  lower  than  that  of  100  's,  and  the  price  of  252 's  was  lower 
than  that  of  216's. 

Kelative  Prices  of  Various  Sizes  of  Valencia  Oranges,  Average  1924-27 

Annual  1926  and  1927;  and  Percentage  of  Each  Size 

Shipped  1926  and  1927 


PRICE     BY      SIZE 
[AV.        176s  -  2165=   IOO /.) 


PERCENTAGE      OF 
EACH      SIZE      SHIPPED 


* 

L 

19 

26 

> 

4 

fl 

V 

\ 

/ 

z 

• 

\ 

1 
\ 
\ 

• 

\ 

/ 

/ 

• 

927 

\ 

4 

\ 

\ 

• 

v« 

4 
/ 

i 

> 

A 

r — r 

o    o    tf>    o    <o    o  <o    w    S     ^    ^r   o     o«oojpoio<\j     co    «    5 

•  2  3  ?^  jj  5  8  |  3  r  2  2  2  !  8  «i  8   U  J 

SIZE  SIZE 


25 


20 

h 

15  S 


q: 


Fig.  20. — The  variations  in  the  relative  prices  of  the  several  sizes  of  Valencia 
oranges  from  year  to  year  are  largely  accounted  for  by  differences  in  the  volume 
of  each  size  shipped.  (Data  from  tables  8  and  9.) 


The  relative  prices  of  the  different  sizes  of  Navel  oranges  for  the 
three  years  of  1925  to  1927  are  shown  in  table  8.  A  comparison  of 
the  relative  prices  of  the  various  sizes  of  Navels  and  Valencias  bring 
out  certain  differences.  In  the  first  place  the  price  differentials 
between  the  sizes  are  not  usually  as  large  with  Navels  as  with 
Valencias.  In  the  second  place,  the  prices  of  the  large  Navels  are 
relatively  lower  and  the  prices  of  the  small  Navels  relatively  higher 
than  in  the  case  of  Valencias.  The  chief  reason  for  this  is  that  the 
sizes  of  Navels  run  larger  on  the  average  (see  table  9). 


38 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


TABLE  8 
Relative  Prices  of  the  Different  Sizes  of  Valencia  and  Navel  Oranges  in 

Southern  California 
(Average  price  of  sizes  176's-216's  =  100) 


Valencias 

Navels 

Size 

1923-24 

1924-25 

1925-26 

1926-27 

Average 

1923-24  to 

1926-27 

1924-25 

1925-26 

1926-27 

Average 

1924-25  to 

1926-27 

80 

88.3 

65.9 

78  2 

89.9 

80.6 

101.2 

86  8 

84  9 

91.0 

100 

116  8 

84.9 

91.4 

108.0 

100.3 

100.7 

89.3 

87.9 

92 

6 

126 

118.9 

90.2 

100.1 

111.1 

105.1 

99.9 

92.2 

93.1 

95 

1 

150 

114  9 

93.7 

101.3 

107.9 

104  4 

105.1 

96.9 

98.4 

100 

1 

176 

110.1 

99.7 

103.9 

106.4 

105.0 

104.6 

100.0 

101.3 

101 

9 

200 

103.8 

102.3 

101.6 

101.7 

102.3 

100.2 

100.1 

100.8 

100 

4 

216 

86.0 

98.0 

93.7 

90.9 

92.2 

95.3 

99  3 

98.6 

97 

7 

252 

69.7 

89.8 

87.9 

77.3 

81.2 

90.5 

96.4 

93.0 

93 

3 

288 

50  1 

70  4 

75.9 

60.2 

64  1 

78.5 

88.2 

83.2 

83  3 

324 

29.8 

53.0 

59  7 

41.9 

46.6 

66.7 

74.3 

71  9 

71.0 

344 

34.7 

42.1 

47.2 

41.2 

41.3 

62.1 

68.5 

63  3 

64  6 

Source  of  data:   Compiled  from  records  of  orange  packing  houses  in  Riverside,  San  Bernardino, 
Los  Angeles,  and  Orange  counties. 


TABLE  9 

Percentage  of  Each  Size  of  Valencia  and  Navel  Oranges  Shipped  by  the 

California  Fruit  Growers  Exchange  from  Southern 

California  in  1926  and  1927 


Size 

Valencia 

Navels 

1926 

1927 

1925-26 

1926-27 

0  1 
0.9 
4  4 
11.9 
18.5 
17  2 
22.4 
13  2 
7.8 
3  0 
0  6 
207  3 

0  1 

0  6 
3.6 
112 
17.2 
18  5 

14  2 

15  9 
9  4 
5  4 
2.8 
1.2 

191.9 

100 

0 
2 
6 
12 
11 
22 
18 
14 
8 
2 
230 

5 
7 
9 
1 
6 

2 
5 

7 
0 
8 

5.8* 

126 

14  5 

150 

19  6 

176 

19.4 

200 

216 

12.6 

13  6 

252 

7.4 

288 

7  If 

324 

182.4 

*  100's  and  larger. 

t  288's  and  smaller. 

Source  of  data:  California  Fruit  Growers  Exchange. 


Bul.  457 


ORANGES 


39 


The  differences  in  the  prices  of  the  various  sizes  of  Valencia 
oranges  indicate  the  necessity  of  pooling  by  size  in  order  to  maintain 
the  proper  differential  between  growers.  If  all  of  the  sizes  were 
pooled  together,  it  is  obvious  that  the  growers  who  consistently  deliv- 
ered a  relatively  large  proportion  of  the  small  sizes  would  benefit  at 
the  expense  of  those  who  consistently  delivered  a  relatively  large 
proportion  of  the  sizes  between  100 's  and  216 's. 

Seasonal  Variation  in  the  Prices  of  California  Oranges,  Average  1922-23 

to  1926-27;  Annual  1924-25  and  1926-27 

(Crop-year  average  price  equals  100  per  cent) 

Av.   1922-23       co<o<\j  t-           w           in           <o           to           o>           •*           <\i           ■«< 

to  1926-27  .p^J0000  <oooo>oooo»Ocj»o 

a 

© 

1924-25        o  to           <o           <o  m           to           to            eo           cm            o>           o>           o           o 

»<ot-  t-ooo>            o           cm            o           o           to           ■* 

U  r4  <H  <H  rl  iH  r-l 

192fi-?7       ^  w  •*  °*  cm  to  to  «o  10  in  •*  c-  m 

x»so"i.i  (v.  a  co  m  m  <m  r-~  m  n  _i  «<  ^ 


140 


120 


100 


80 


y 

•  <* 

'*, 

L 

^ 

r 

\ 

'/ 

/ 

\ 

V 

1924-25-^ 

' 

2 

\v 

/ 

AVERAGE 

Y 

•^ 

/ 

H922-23  1 

\ 

*^i 

„~~m 

■  ^«  ^  i 

**. 

S 

/ 

X 

/ 



X 

^-1926-27 

\ 

/ 

- . 

— 

--=-——«. 

r~~    f — i 1 — — i 

■     T-      t-       i r         r-       r 

Fig.  21. — There  is  usually  a  pronounced  fall  in  the  prices  of  oranges  during 
the  first  two  months  of  the  Navel  season  and  a  substantia]  rise  during  the  last  two 
months  of  the  Valencia  season. 

(Data  compiled  from  table  26.) 


There  is  considerable  variation  in  the  prices  of  the  different  sizes 
from  year  to  year.  In  1927,  for  example,  large  Valencia  oranges 
brought  relatively  higher  prices  than  in  1926,  while  small  ones  brought 
relatively  lower  prices.  The  differences  in  the  relative  prices  of  the 
various  sizes  during  these  two  years  are  largely  explained  by  the 
differences  in  the  volume  of  each  size  shipped.     It  will  be  noted  on 


40  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

the  right  side  of  figure  20  that  the  large  sizes  were  relatively  less 
numerous  and  the  small  sizes  relatively  more  numerous  in  1927  than 
in  1926.  It  is  likely  that  the  small  sizes  would  have  brought  even 
lower  prices  in  1927  had  it  not  been  for  the  increased  consumption 
of  orange  juice,  for  which  small  oranges  can  be  used  advantageously. 

Seasonal  Variation  in  Prices. — During  the  past  five  years  the  price 
of  Valencias  has  averaged  65  cents  a  box  higher  than  the  price  of 
Navels.  The  higher  average  price  of  Valencias  is  largely  due  to  the 
fact  that  they  are  marketed  during  the  time  of  the  year  when  orange 
prices  are  normally  higher  and  not  because  they  are  a  better  orange 
from  the  consumer's  standpoint.  The  reason  why  the  prices  of 
oranges  are  normally  higher  during  the  Valencia  season  are  chiefly 
two :  first,  smaller  shipments  of  oranges,  and  second,  warmer  weather, 
which  is  conducive  to  heavy  consumption  of  orange  juice. 

The  average  seasonal  variation  in  the  prices  of  oranges  for  the 
past  five  years  is  shown  by  the  solid  line  in  figure  21.  Prices  were 
usually  very  high  at  the  beginning  of  the  Navel  season  because  of 
the  limited  supply  of  a  new  crop.  They  began  to  fall  almost  imme- 
diately, however,  and  continued  downward  during  December  and 
January.  The  chief  cause  for  the  precipitous  drop  in  prices  in 
December  was  the  rapid  increase  in  shipments  (see  fig.  9,  p.  17). 
In  January  shipments  were  generally  smaller  than  in  December,  yet 
prices  were  usually  lower.  This  is  largely  explained  by  the  slackening 
in  demand  after  the  holidays.  During  February,  March,  and  April 
there  seems  to  have  been  a  gradual  increase  in  the  seasonal  demand 
for  oranges.  Prices  in  February  were  generally  higher  than  in 
January,  although  the  shipments  were  about  the  same.  In  March 
shipments  increased  substantially,  but  prices  did  not  fall  very  much. 
And  in  April  prices  usually  advanced  more  than  shipments  declined. 
On  the  other  hand,  there  was  usually  some  decline  in  the  seasonal 
demand  for  oranges  in  May,  which  was  probably  due  largely  to  the 
competition  of  early  fresh  fruits  and  vegetables.  This  decline  in 
demand  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  both  prices  and  shipments  were 
lower  on  the  average  in  May  than  in  April.  After  May  prices  began 
to  rise,  and  they  generally  continued  upward  for  the  remainder  of 
the  season.  The  most  important  cause  for  this  rise  was  the  steady 
decline  in  shipments. 

It  should  be  clearly  understood  that  the  above  discussion  of  the 
average  seasonal  variation  in  prices  refers  only  to  general  tendencies. 
In  any  given  year  the  movement  of  prices  during  the  season  may 
vary  considerably  from  the  average.    This  is  illustrated  by  the  broken 


Bul.  457  J  ORANGES  41 

lines  in  figure  21,  which  show  the  price  movements  during  1924-25 
and  1926-27.  It  will  be  noted  that  in  1924-25  the  lowest  price  for 
the  year  was  in  December,  while  in  1926-27  it  was  in  May.  In  fact 
prices  in  both  May  and  June  of  1927  were  unusually  low,  while  in 
the  same  two  months  of  1925  they  were  unusually  high.  These  illus- 
trations serve  to  emphasize  the  fact  that  each  season  presents  some- 
what of  a  different  problem  in  distribution,  and  that  conditions  during 
a  given  year  may  justify  an  action  opposite  to  that  which  is  usually 
the  best.  Since  the  orange  industry  is  highly  organized  in  cooper- 
ative marketing,  it  would  seem  wise  for  growers  to  follow  the 
suggestions  of  their  organization  regarding  the  time  of  shipping, 
because  it  is  certainly  in  a  better  position  than  they  to  determine  how 
much  and  in  what  direction  the  price  movement  during  any  given 
year  is  likely  to  vary  from  the  average. 


UNITED    STATES    FOREIGN    TRADE    IN    ORANGES 

Imports. — Practically  all  of  the  United  States  imports  of  oranges 
come  from  Porto  Rico.  During  the  past  twenty  years  the  trend  of 
imports  from  Porto  Rico  has  been  upward  (see  table  23,  pag-e  55). 
The  percentage  increase  in  imports  between  1908-1912  and  1923-1927 
amounted  to  41  per  cent.  During  the  same  period  our  production 
increased  87  per  cent. 

From  the  standpoint  of  additions  to  the  United  States  supply  of 
oranges,  imports  are  almost  negligible.  Between  1923  and  1927  the 
average  imports  amounted  to  only  397,000  boxes  annually,  while  our 
production  amounted  to  31,757,000  boxes.  Imports,  therefore,  were 
only  1.2  per  cent  as  large  as  domestic  production. 

The  bulk  of  the  Porto  Rican  oranges  come  into  the  United  States 
between  October  and  April  (table  10).  During  the  past  three  years 
97  per  cent  of  the  total  imports  were  received  in  these  seven  months, 
and  61  per  cent  were  received  in  the  three  months  of  October, 
November,  and  March.  It  is  seen,  therefore,  that  although  imports 
compete  to  some  extent  with  late  Valencias,  the  chief  competition  is 
with  Navels.  In  no  case,  however,  is  the  competition  serious,  nor  is  it 
likely  to  become  serious  in  the  near  future. 

Exports. — The  United  States  exports  of  oranges  are  very  much 
larger  than  her  imports.  During  the  past  five  years  the  average 
exports  have  amounted  to  2,597,000  boxes  annually,  which  is  equiv- 
alent to  8.2  per  cent  of  our  total  production. 

The  amount  of  oranges  exported  each  year  from  1908  to  1927  is 
shown  in  figure  22.    It  will  be  noted  that  there  has  been  a  pronounced 


42 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


upward  trend  in  exports  during  this  twenty-year  period.  The  increase 
in  exports  between  1908-1912  and  1923-1927  amounted  to  158  per 
cent.  It  will  be  recalled  that  during  the  same  time  our  production 
increased  87  per  cent.  Exports,  therefore,  have  increased  relatively 
faster  than  production. 

The  absolute  increase  in  exports,  however,  has  been  small  as 
compared  with  the  absolute  increase  in  production.  Between  1908- 
1912  and  1923-1927  production  increased  14,752,000  boxes,  while 
exports  increased  only  1,569,000  boxes.  Export  markets,  therefore, 
offered  an  outlet  for  only  10.5  per  cent  of  our  increase  in  production. 
The  remaining  89.5  per  cent  of  the  increase  was  consumed  in  this 
country. 

TABLE  10 

United  States  Imports  op  Oranges  prom  Porto  Kico  by  Months, 

November  1924  to  October  1927 


Month 


November 
December 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 
October 

Total 


1924-25 


boxes 

47,563 

22,577 

24,987 

27,769 

78,189 

52,266 

3,974 

328 

384 

1,168 

7,442 

102,910 


,557 


Year 


1925-26 


boxes 
125,887 
59,948 
24,085 
50,114 
68,049 
18,778 
4,944 


53 

701 

3,488 

59,907 

415,954 


1926-27 


boxes 

58,783 

27,176 

5,574 
37,761 
62,435 
48,894 

6,498 
24 
26 

1,491 
20,944 
95,310 


364,916 


Average 
1924-25  to  1926-27 


boxes 

77,411 

36,567 

18,215 

38,548 

69,558 

39,979 

5,139 

117 

154 

1,120 

10,625 

86,042 


383,475 


per  cent 
20.2 
9.5 
4  8 
10  1 
18  1 
10  4 
13 


0  1 

0.3 

2.8 

22.4 


100.0 


Source  of  data: 
Office. 


U.  S.  Dept.  Commerce,  Bur.  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce,  San  Francisco 


Exports  of  oranges  by  months  from  November,  1922,  to  October, 
1927,  are  given  in  table  11.  The  average  percentage  of  the  total 
exports  by  months  for  the  five-year  period  indicates  the  normal 
seasonal  movement.  As  compared  with  the  seasonal  movement  of  the 
total  orange  shipments  in  the  United  States  (figure  9),  exports  are 
relatively  small  between  November  and  April  and  relatively  large 
between  May  and  October.  Most  of  the  foreign  orange-exporting 
countries,  except  the  Union  of  South  Africa,  ship  their  oranges  during 
the  winter  and  spring  months.  Consequently,  the  keenest  competition 
which  our  oranges  meet  in  foreign  markets  is  during  these  months. 


Bul.  457] 


ORANGES 


43 


United  States  Domestic  Exports  of  Oranges,  1908-1927 


n    <£> 

CO 

rH 

o 

to 

©   C- 

to 

i-» 

co 

in 

w  «o 

o> 

o> 

CO 

cm 

CO 

Tf 

H 

to 

to 

CT> 

O) 

<0 

CO 

o 

GO 

CM 

c- 

(0 

U> 

3 

4 

3 
2 

H          r 

-t 

H 

-1         r-(           i 

H 

<-<          i-l          CM         f-H            CM           CM           rH          CM         C 

1 

Year  ending  October  31 

Fig.  22. — During  the  past  twenty  years  there  lias  been  a  pronounced  upward 
1  rend  in  the  exports  of  oranges  from  the  United  States. 
(  Data  from  table  12.) 


TABLE   11 

United  States  Exports  of  Oranges  by  Months, 

November  1922  to  October  1927 


Month 

1922-23 

1923-24 

1924-25 

1925-26 

1926-27 

Average 
1922-23  to  1926-27 

November 

1,000  boxes 
86 
215 
171 
173 
234 
193 
260 
215 
206 
155 
117 
113 

1,000  boxes 
90 
368 
172 
227 
245 
300 
264 
335 
209 
164 
130 
116 

1,000  boxes 
140 
262 
221 
140 
239 
193 
197 
186 
142 
127 

76 

55 

1,000  boxes 
113 
291 
171 
189 
279 
265 
278 
254 
219 
236 
205 
128 

/  ,000  boxes 
148 
321 
233 
232 
333 
389 
446 
450 
376 
298 
217 
177 

/  ,000  boxes 
115 
291 
194 
192 
266 
268 
289 
288 
231 
196 
149 
118 

per  cent 
4  4 

December 

11  2 

January 

7.5 

February 

7.4 

March 

10  2 

April .... 

10  3 

May 

11  2 

June 

11   1 

July 

8  9 

August 

7  6 

September 
October 

3  7 

4  5 

Total 

2,138 

2,620 

1,978 

2,628 

3,620 

2,597 

100  0 

Source  of  data:    U.  S.  Dept.  Commerce  Monthly  Summary  of  Foreign  Commerce  of  the  United 
States.    Monthly  issues. 


44 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


Main  Foreign  Markets  for  Oranges. — Canada  is  our  main  foreign 
market  for  oranges.  Of  our  total  average  exports  of  2,597,000  boxes 
during  the  past  five  years,  2,211,000  boxes,  or  85  per  cent,  were  to 
Canada.  Exports  to  Canada  have  increased  substantially  in  the  past 
15  years.  Between  1913-1917  and  1923-1927  the  increase  amounted 
to  707,000  boxes,  or  47  per  cent  (table  12).  In  1927  exports  to  that 
country  amounted  to  2,707,000  boxes,  which  is  16.5  per  cent  larger 
than  in  any  previous  year,  and  22.4  per  cent  larger  than  the  1923- 
1927  average. 

TABLE  12 

United  States  Exports  of  Oranges  by  Countries  of  Destination 

1913-1927 


Country  of  destination 

Year  ending  October  31 

Canada 

United 
Kingdom 

Others 

Total 

1913 

1,000  boxes 

835 
1,754 
1,500 
1,589 
1,841 

898 
1,513 
1,477 
1,984 
1,323 
1,971 
2,323 
1,812 
2,240 
2,707 

1 ,000  boxes 

13 

32 

36 

28 

16 
3 

48 

13 

40 
3 

39 
114 

42 
218 
605 

1,000  boxes 

32 

37 

47 

74 

94 

37 

73 
101 
150 

67 
127 
182 
124 
170 
309 

1,000  boxes 
880 

1914 

1,824 

1915... 

1,584 

1916 

1,691 

1917 

1,951 

1918 

938 

1919 

1,634 

1920 

1,591 

1921 

2,174 

1922 

1,393 

1923                         

2,138 

1924 

2,620 

1925 

1,978 

1926  

2,628 

1927...                   

3,620 

Source  of  data:    Compiled  from  U.  S.  Dept.  Commerce,  Monthly  Summary  of  Foreign  Commerce 
of  the  United  States,  monthly  issues. 

United  States  oranges  meet  with  practically  no  competition  in 
the  Canadian  market  from  those  grown  in  other  countries.  In  the 
year  ending  March  31,  1927,  almost  95  per  cent  of  the  total  orange 
imports  into  Canada  were  from  the  United  States  (table  13).  Japan 
was  the  next  most  important  source  of  Canadian  supplies.  Practically 
all  of  the  Japanese  exports  to  Canada  are  mandarins.  Only  a  very 
limited  quantity  of  European  oranges  are  imported  into  Canada. 

The  United  Kingdom  is  our  second  most  important  foreign  market 
for  oranges.  Our  shipments  to  the  United  Kingdom,  however,  are 
very  small  as  compared  with  those  to  Canada.  For  many  years  before 
1926,  they  averaged  around  40,000  boxes  annually.     In   1926  they 


Bul.  457] 


ORANGES 


45 


amounted  to  218,000  boxes,  and  in  1927  to  605,000  boxes.  These 
large  increases  indicate  that  we  have  secured  a  foothold  in  the  British 
market.  An  important  reason  why  we  were  able  to  sell  so  many 
oranges  in  Great  Britain  during  the  past  two  years  was  that  the 
Spanish  oranges  were  damaged  by  frost  in  1925  and  by  frost  and 
wind  in  1926.  During  the  1925-26  crop  season  large  quantities  of 
frost-damaged  oranges  were  exported  from  Spain.  Many  of  these 
reached  the  British  markets  in  poor  condition  and  thus  brought  dis- 
credit to  them.  The  poor  quality  of  the  Spanish  oranges  in  that 
season  undoubtedly  contributed  to  large  purchases  of  our  oranges. 

TABLE  13 

Canadian  Imports  of  Oranges  by  Countries  of  Origin 

1924-1927 


Year  ending  March  31 

Country  of  origin 

Value* 

Quantity 

1924 

1925 

1926 

1926 

1927 

1,000  dollars 

5,530 

276 

14 

19 

33 

1,000  dollars 

6,196 

167 

9 

11 

27 

1,000  dollars 

7,087 

221 

7 

25 

66 

1,000  boxes 

1,617 

81 

3 

5 

24 

1,000  boxes 
2,144 

Japan 

Italy 

United  Kingdom 

94 
t 
t 

25 

Total 

5,872 

6,410 

7,406 

1,730 

2,263 

*  Prior  to  1926  Canadian  imports  of  oranges  were  reported  by  value  only. 

t  Included  in  others. 
Sources  of  data: 

Years  1924-26,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Bur.  Agr.  Econ.  Foreign  Crops  and  Markets  14:  254,  1927. 

Year  1927,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Bur.  Agr.  Econ.    The  Canadian  market  for  citrus  fruits.     F.  S.  CF-43. 
1927. 


When  the  Spanish  oranges  were  again  damaged  by  frost  in  December, 
1926,  the  Spanish  government  immediately  took  steps  to  prevent  the 
shipment  of  damaged  fruit.  In  addition  to  frost  damage,  the  1926-27 
crop  was  further  reduced  by  a  violent  wind  and  rain  storm.  Although 
figures  are  not  yet  available  on  the  amount  of  oranges  actually 
exported  from  Spain  in  1927,  the  opinion  of  Consul  Clements  S. 
Edwards  in  January,  1927,  was  that  exports  would  fall  considerably 
below  the  levels  of  the  past  five  seasons.7 

So  far  the  United  States  has  furnished  only  a  very  small  part  of 
the  orange  supplies  of  Great  Britain  (table  14).    Even  in  1926,  when 

7  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bur.  Agr.  Econ.     Spanish  orange  crop  seriously  injured. 
F.  S.  CF-39,  p.  1.     1927. 


46 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


we  shipped  more  oranges  to  Great  Britain  than  in  any  previous  year, 
our  shipments  amounted  to  only  2  per  cent  of  total  British  imports. 
Spain  has  always  been  the  principal  source  of  the  British  supply  of 
oranges.  Of  the  average  yearly  imports  of  12,339,000  boxes  between 
1923  and  1926,  Spain  contributed  80  per  cent ;  Palestine,  11  per  cent ; 
Union  of  South  Africa,  4  per  cent;  and  other  countries,  5  per  cent. 
Shipments  of  oranges  from  Palestine  and  the  Union  of  South  Africa 
have  increased  rapidly  during  recent  years,  and  as  a  result  Spanish 
oranges  are  meeting  with  considerably  more  competition  in  the  British 
markets. 

TABLE  14 
Imports  of  Oranges  into  the  United  Kingdom  by  Countries  of  Origin 

1909-1926 
(Boxes  of  70  pounds  net) 


Calen- 
d.r 
year 

Spain 

Italy 

United 

States 

Palestine 

British 
West 
Indies 

Union  of 
South 
Africa 

Others 

Total 

1,000  boxes 

1,000  boxes 

1,000  boxes 

1,000  boxes 

1,000  boxes 

1,000  boxes 

1,000  boxes 

1,000  boxes 

1909 

8,790 

209 

71 

* 

198 

* 

656 

9,924 

1910 

7,709 

168 

53 

* 

206 

* 

615 

8,751 

1911 

7,236 

301 

69 

* 

148 

* 

701 

8,455 

1912 

7,928 

133 

70 

* 

135 

* 

633 

8,899 

1913 

8,035 

183 

39 

* 

119 

* 

892 

9,268 

1914 

6,870 

243 

39 

* 

80 

* 

941 

8,173 

1915 

9,177 

123 

54 

* 

72 

* 

184 

9,610 

1916 

9,065 

166 

33 

* 

56 

* 

80 

9,400 

1917 

4,336 

141 

10 

* 

16 

* 

6 

4,509 

1918 

3,705 

490 

1 

* 

11 

* 

18 

4,225 

1919 

7,627 

276 

56 

* 

123 

58 

182 

8,322 

1920 

6,273 

259 

13 

* 

92 

127 

279 

7,043 

1921 

8,335 

165 

46 

393 

113 

219 

101 

9,372 

1922 

9,799 

107 

6 

756 

103 

276 

125 

11,172 

1923 

10,359 

101 

47 

1,105 

117 

334 

139 

12,202 

1924 

9,833 

90 

128 

1,288 

96 

433 

163 

12,031 

1925 

9,617 

93 

45 

1,560 

112 

668 

271 

12,366 

1926 

9,753 

87 

249 

1,606 

138 

603 

321 

12,757 

*  Included  in  "Others." 

Source  of  data:    Annual  Statement  of  the  Trade  of  the  United  Kingdom,  annual  numbers. 


FOREIGN   ORANGE   PRODUCTION 

The  principal  orange-producing  countries  in  the  world  other  than 
the  United  States  are  Spain,  Italy,  Japan,  China,  Palestine,  Union  of 
South  Africa,  Australia,  British  West  Indies,  Cuba,  Mexico,  Portd 
Rico,  Brazil,  Algeria,  and  Greece.  Detailed  information  on  the  orange 
situation  in  all  of  these  countries  is  not  available  at  the  present  time. 
The  available  data  on  production  in  the  various  countries  are  given 
in  table  15  and  on  exports  in  table  16. 


Bul.  457] 


ORANGES 


47 


Spain. — Spain  ranks  next  to  the  United  States  in  the  world  pro- 
duction of  oranges.  During  the  three  years  of  1923-24,  1925-26,  and 
1926-27  the  average  annual  production  in  Spain  was  32,771,000 
boxes,  while  the  average  annual  production  in  the  United  States  was 
33,649,000  boxes. 

It  is  expected  that  there  will  be  a  substantial  increase  in  orange 
production  in  Spain  during  the  next  few  years.  Large  numbers  of 
trees  have  been  planted  in  the  past  six  years.  The  commercial  acreage 
in  1925-26  was  placed  at  127,175  acres. 

Approximately  60  per  cent  of  the  Spanish  oranges  are  exported. 
Exports  of  oranges  from  Spain  have  increased  substantially  during 
recent  years.  In  1926  exports  amounted  to  22,585,000  boxes  as  against 
an  average  of  13,607,000  boxes  between  1921  and  1923  and  15,918,000 
boxes  between  1909  and  1913. 


TABLE  15 

Orange  Production  in  Certain  Foreign  Countries 
(Boxes  of  70  pounds  net) 


Spain 

Italy 

Palestine 

Japan 

Australia 

Algeria 

Mexico 

ending  in 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

1916 

1,000  boxes 

1,000  boxes 
8,844 
9,477 
9,566 
9,571 
8,995 
9,483 
10,213 

1,000  boxes 

1,000  boxes 
8,073 
4,090 
5,836 
7,057 
7,708 

1,000  boxes 

1,000  boxes 

1,000  boxes 

1917 

1918 

1919 

1920 

1,550 
1,769 
1,961 
1,985 
1,932 
2,098 

1921 

807 
1,199 
1,327 
1,544 
2,085 
1,468 
2,429 

1922 

7,143 
7,823 
7,351 
7,326 
9,802 

1,927 
2,236 

340 

1923 

360 

1924 

25,741 

9,001 
9,168 

1925 

1926 

38,674 
33,898 

1927 

Sources  of  data: 

Col.  1.— Year  1924:  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Bur.  Agr.  Econ.   Foreign  Crops  and  Markets  14:  240.    1927. 

Years  1926,  1927.  Moriarity,  D.  J.  Spanish  foreign  trade  in  fresh  fruits.  Citrus  Leaves  8  (2):  3. 
1928. 

Col.  2.— U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Bur.  Agr.  Econ.  Foreign  Crops  and  Markets  14:  242.  1927.  Includes 
production  in  six  provinces  which  produce  approximately  98  per  cent  of  the  total  Italian  crop.  Mandarin 
production,  which  amounts  to  about  10  per  cent  of  the  total,  is  included. 

Col.  3.— U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Bur.  Agr.  Econ.  Foreign  Crops  and  Markets  14:  247.  1927.  Cases  converted 
to  boxes  on  the  basis  of  68  pounds  per  case. 

Col.  4.— Japan.  Statistical  Abstract  of  the  Ministry  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  1926:  9.  1927.  Dots 
not  include  bitter  oranges,  the  production  of  which  varies  from  one  to  two  million  boxes. 

Col.  5.— Years  1920-1924.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Bur.  Agr.  Econ.  Foreign  Crops  and  Markets.  14:  249 
1927. 

Year  1925.  Commonwealth  of  Australia,  Official  Year  Book  1926:  669.  1927.  Data  given  in  British 
bushels,  which  were  converted  to  boxes  on  the  basis  of  1.46  bushels  per  box. 

Col.  6.— U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Bur.  Agr.  Econ.  Foreign  Crops  and  Markets.  14:  246.  1927.  Includes 
mandarins,  which  amounted  to  989,000  boxes  in  1922,  and  1,130,000  boxes  in  1923.  The  acreage  of  all 
oranges  in  Algeria  in  1923  was  18,000  acres. 

Col.  7.— Mexico.    Dept.  de  la  Estadistica  National— Exposicion  Numerica  Sabre  Censo.  p.  19.    1924. 


48 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


The  principal  markets  for  Spanish  oranges  are  Great  Britain, 
Germany,  Holland,  and  Belgium  (table  17).  Before  the  war  France 
ranked  next  to  Great  Britain  as  a  market  for  Spanish  oranges,  but 
since  1922  the  French  imports  from  Spain  have  been  very  small. 
On  the  other  hand,  Holland  and  Belgium  are  now  buying  almost  twice 
as  many  Spanish  oranges  as  they  did  before  the  war.  Although 
exports  from  Spain  to  Great  Britain  have  increased,  they  have  not 
increased  as  rapidly  as  the  total  exports.  Between  1909-1913  and 
1924-1926  the  increase  in  total  Spanish  exports  amounted  to  over 
6,000,000  boxes ;  the  increase  in  exports  to  Great  Britain  amounted  to 
only  1,630,000.  The  United  Kingdom,  therefore,  furnished  an  outlet 
for  only  one-fourth  of  the  increase  in  Spanish  exports.  The  remaining 
three-fourths  found  outlets  in  other  European  countries. 

TABLE  16 

Exports  of  Oranges  from  Certain  Foreign  Countries 

(Boxes  of  70  pounds  net) 


Calendar  year 

Spain 

Italy 

Union  of 
South 
Africa 

Brazil 

Japan 

Cuba 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

Average  1909-13 

1,000  boxes 
15,918 
8,121 
13,668 
12,633 
14,521 
21,129 
22,511 
22,585 

1,000  boxes 
3,772 
2,565 
3,495 
2,741 
2,565 
3,878 
4,530 

1,000  boxes 

1,000  boxes 

1,000  boxes 

1,000  boxes 

1920 

127 

219 
276 
334 
433 
668 
603 

100 
87 
178 
331 
365 
406 
210 

1921 

1922 

1923 

412 

309 
422 

422 

1924 

305 

1925 

364 

1926 

1927 

Sources  of  data: 

Col.  1.— Years  1909-1913,  1920,  1921,  Moriarity,  D.  J.  International  trade  in  citrus  fruits.  U.  S.  Com- 
merce Reports.   28:  746.    1925. 

Years  1922-1926.   Moriarity,  D.  J.   Spanish  foreign  trade  in  fresh  fruits.  Citrus  Leaves  8  (2):  3.    1928. 

Col.  2.— Years  1909-1913,  1920-1922,  Moriarity,  D.  J.  International  trade  in  citrus  fruits.  U.  S.  Com- 
merce Reports  28:  746.    1925. 

Years  1923-1925.   U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Bur.  Agr.  Econ.   Foreign  Crops  and  Markets.   14:  243.    1927. 

Col.  3. — Imports  into  the  United  Kingdom  from  the  Union  of  South  Africa  (table  14).  Practically 
all  of  the  South  Africa  exports  go  to  the  United  Kingdom. 

Col.  4.— Brazil.  Directoria  de  Estatistica  Commercial.  Commercio  Exterior  de  Brazil.  Annual 
numbers.   Numbers  of  oranges  converted  to  boxes  on  the  basis  of  200  oranges  per  box. 

Col.  5— U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Yearbook  of  Agriculture  1926:  907.   1927. 

Col.  6.— Cuba.   Importacion  y  Exportacion  de  la  Republica  de  Cuba.    1924,  1926. 


The  shipping  season  for  oranges  in  Spain  extends  from  November 
to  June.  The  bulk  of  them,  however,  move  during  the  three  months 
of  January  to  March.    According  to  Edwin  Smith,  "there  is  not  much 


Bul.  457] 


ORANGES 


49 


to  be  seen  in  southern  Spain  that  would  lead  to  the  conclusion  that 
oranges  are  to  be  produced  for  shipment  during  the  summer  months. '  '8 

Italy. — Italy  is  the  third  largest  orange-producing  country  in  the 
world.  From  1916  to  1925  there  was  no  definite  upward  or  downward 
trend  in  Italian  orange  production.  The  average  production  during 
that  period  amounted  to  9,368,000  boxes. 

Approximately  37  per  cent  of  the  oranges  produced  in  Italy 
between  1920  and  1925  were  exported.  During  the  three  years  of 
1920,  1922,  and  1923,  exports  were  a  third  smaller  than  before  the 
war.  In  1924,  however,  exports  were  about  equal  to  the  pre-war 
average,  and  in  1925  they  were  one-fifth  larger. 

TABLE  17 

Exports  of  Oranges  from  Spain  by  Countries  of  Destination 

Average  1909-13.    Annual  1923-24  to  1925-26 

(Boxes  of  70  pounds  net) 


Country  of  destination 


Average 
1909-13 


1923-24 


1924-25 


1925-26 


Great  Britain 

France 

Germany 

Holland 

Belgium 


1,000  boxes 

7,322 

3,343 

3,024 
956 
796 


1,000  boxes 
8,320 
102 
1,997 
2,005 
1,511 


1,000  boxes 
9,646 
49 
3,523 
1,952 
1,512 


1,000  boxes 
8,891 
25 
2,775 
1,603 
1,540 


Sources  of  data: 

Years  1909-1913.   Moriarity,  D.  J.   International  trade  in  citrus  fruits.   U.  S.  Commerce  Reports  28: 
746.   1925. 

Years  1923-24  to  1925-26.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Bur.  Agr.  Econ.  Foreign  Crops  and  Markets.  14:240.   1927. 


The  principal  markets  for  Italian  oranges  in  1925  were  Germany, 
Australia,  Switzerland,  Hungary,  and  Czechoslovakia.  These  five 
countries  took  84  per  cent  of  the  Italian  exports,  and  Germany  alone 
took  49.5  per  cent.     Only  1.5  per  cent  was  exported  to  Great  Britain. 

The  important  changes  which  have  taken  place  in  the  distribution 
of  Italian  exports  are  shown  in  table  18.  It  will  be  noted  that  between 
1923  and  1925  Germany,  Austria,  Czechoslovakia,  Hungary,  and  Jugo- 
slavia greatly  increased  their  imports  of  oranges  from  Italy.  On  the 
other  hand,  Italian  exports  to  France  and  Great  Britain  declined. 
In  1925  Germany,  France,  and  Switzerland  wrere  much  more  import- 
ant markets  for  Italian  oranges  than  before  the  war,  while  the  four 
countries  of  Austria,  Czechoslovakia,  Hungary  and  Jugoslavia  which 
formerly  made  up  the  old  Austria-Hungary  Empire,  were  less  import- 
ant markets,  as  were  also  Great  Britain  and  Russia. 

8U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bur.  Agr.  Econ.  The  Spanish  orange  industry.  F.  S. 
CF-12,  p.  11.     1925. 


50 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


Palestine. — The  production  of  oranges  in  Palestine  has  increased 
substantially  during  recent  years.  The  1926-27  orange  crop  was 
estimated  at  2,429,000  boxes.  This  is  17  per  cent  larger  than  the 
record  crop  of  1924-25  and  60  per  cent  larger  than  the  average  pro- 
duction between  1921-22  and  1925-26. 


TABLE  18 

Exports  of  Oranges  from  Italy  by  Countries  of  Destination 

Average  1909-1913.     Annual  1923-1925 

(Boxes  of  70  pounds  net) 


Country  of  destination 

Average 
1909-1913 

1923 

1924 

1925 

1,000  boxes 
1,963 

1,000  boxes 

303 

131 

2 

91 

789 

531 

78 

1,000  boxes 

505 

169 

65 

99 

219 

1,907 

74 

1,000  boxes 
744 

222 

271 

111 

30 
665 
206 
433 
109 
367 

120 

2,244 

66 

369 
262 

373 

467 

327 

425 

Total                 

3,773 

2,556 

3,878 

4,530 

*  Austria-Hungary.    The  territory  of  the  old  Austria-Hungary  Empire  roughly  approximated  what 
is  now  Austria,  Czechoslovakia,  Hungary,  and  Jugoslavia. 

Source  of  data:   U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Bur.  Agr.  Econ.    Foreign  Crops  and  Markets.   14:  243,  1927. 

Indications  are  that  the  production  of  oranges  will  be  further 
increased.  According  to  Consul  Oscar  S.  Heizer  at  Jerusalem  ''the 
consensus  of  opinion  is  that  orange  growing  is  the  most  profitable 
business  for  those  farmers  who  have  sufficient  capital  to  purchase 
land  for  orange  groves  and  who  can  afford  to  wait  six  years  until  the 
trees  begin  profitable  bearing.  During  the  year  1925  about  1,000 
acres  of  land  were  purchased  for  the  planting  of  new  orange  groves. ' ' 
At  the  present  time  there  are  more  than  8,000  acres  of  oranges  in 
full  bearing. 

Exports  of  oranges  from  Palestine  have  also  increased.  The  best 
oranges  produced  in  Palestine  go  to  the  United  Kingdom,  where  they 
are  evidently  meeting  with  considerable  favor. 

Union  of  South  Africa. — Exports  of  oranges  from  the  Union  of 
South  Africa  to  the  United  Kingdom  for  the  years  from  1920  to  1926 
are  shown  in  table  16.  Since  the  United  Kingdom  takes  practically 
all  of  the  South  African  orange  exports,  these  data  serve  to  indicate 
the  substantial  increase  in  shipments  from  that  country  during  the 
past  six  years. 


Bul.  457] 


ORANGES 


51 


During  the  next  few  years  there  is  likely  to  be  an  even  greater 
increase  in  shipments.  Table  19  shows  the  number  of  trees  of  dif- 
ferent ages  in  1927.  Of  the  3,050,528  trees,  only  678,035  were  eight 
years  of  age  or  over.  This  means  that  only  one-fourth  of  the  trees 
in  1927  were  in  commercial  bearing,  and  that  three-fourths  were  not 
in  bearing.  With  such  a  large  acreage  still  to  come  into  bearing, 
it  is  evident  that  the  production  of  oranges  in  the  Union  of  South 
Africa  during  the  next  few  years  might  easily  be  three  or  four  times 
as  large  as  it  is  now. 

TABLE  19 

Number  of  Orange  Trees  in  the  Union  of  South  Africa  by 

Varieties  and  Age  Groups,  1927 


Age-group 

Navels 

Valencias 

Other 
varieties* 

Total* 

trees 

408,730 

393,663 

411,501 

334,464 

trees 
402,090 
296,026 
192,094 

90,018 

trees 

138,089 

72,226 

52,074 

253,553 

trees 
948,909 

761,915 

661,669 

8  years  and  over ^ 

678,035 

Total 

1,548,358 

986,228 

515,942 

3,050,528 

*  Includes  small  numbers  of  tangerine  and  lemon  trees. 

Source  of  data:  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Bur.  Agr.  Econ.   South  African  Citrus  fruit  industry  shows  expan- 
sion.  F.  S.  CF-47.   1927. 

The  shipping  season  for  oranges  in  South  Africa  is  the  summer 
and  fall  months.  Hence  they  do  not  meet  with  serious  competition 
from  oranges  produced  in  countries  other  than  the  United  States. 

Australia. — The  production  of  oranges  in  Australia  in  1924-^5 
amounted  to  2,098,000  boxes  as  against  1,550,000  boxes  in  1919-20. 
Most  of  the  oranges  produced  in  Australia  are  consumed  there. 
Exports  in  1924-25  amounted  to  only  90,000  boxes,  or  less  than  5  per 
cent  of  the  total  production.  New  Zealand  is  the  main  market  for 
Australian  exports.  So  far  exports  from  Australia  to  the  United 
Kingdom  have  been  almost  negligible., 

In  1925  there  were  32,400  acres  of  oranges  in  bearing  in  Australia 
and  14,100  acres  not  in  bearing. 

Japan. — Of  the  9,802,000  boxes  of  oranges,  other  than  bitter 
oranges,  produced  in  Japan  in  1926,  88  per  cent  were  mandarins, 
4.6  per  cent  Navels,  and  7.4  per  cent  miscellaneous  varieties. 

The  number  of  orange  trees  in  Japan  between  1916  and  1926  are 
given  in  table  20. 

Exports  of  oranges  from  Japan  have  ranged  between  309,000  and 
422,000  boxes.    The  bulk  of  the  exports  are  mandarins. 


52 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT    STATION 


TABLE  20 
Number  of  Orange  Trees  in  Japan,  1916-1926 


Year 

Mandarins 

Navels 

Bitter 
oranges 

Other 
kinds 

Total 

1916 

1,000  trees 
17,273 
17,180 
17,454 
18,448 

18,830 
6,478 
18,060 
18,247 
18,589 

19,977 
19,795 

1,000  trees 
1,715 
1,849 
1,726 
1,746 

1,659 

783 

1,525 

1,445 

1,389 

1,384 
1,391 

1,000  trees 
4,034 
4,102 
3,915 
5,085 

3,713 
3,224 
3,471 
3,465 
3,281 

3,319 
3,402 

1,000  trees 
2,959 
2,791 
2,700 
2,655 

2,568 
1,113 
2,409 
2,277 
2,179 

2,204 
2,274 

1,000  trees 
25,981 

1917 

1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 

1922 

1923 

1924 

1925 

1926 

25,922 
25,795 
27,934 

26,770 
11,598 
25,465 
25,434 
25,438 

26,884 
26,862 

Source  of  data:    Japan.    Statistical  Abstract  of  the  Ministry  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  1926: 

1927. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENT 

The  authors  of  this  bulletin  wish  to  express  their  thanks  and 
indebtedness  to  the  following-  organizations  which  have  generously 
contributed  from  their  data  and  their  time :  California  Fruit  Growers 
Exchange ;  California  Cooperative  Crop  Reporting  Service ;  Bureau 
of  Agricultural  Economics,  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture ; 
Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce,  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Commerce ;  California  Farm  Bureau  Federation ;  California 
Agricultural  Legislative  Committee ;  and  the  Division  of  Agricultural 
Economics,  University  of  California.  Professor  Robert  W.  Hodgson, 
Division  of  Subtropical  Horticulture,  University  of  California,  Mr. 
Warren  R.  Schoonover,  Extension  Specialist  in  Citriculture,  and  the 
farm  advisors  in  the  important  orange-producing  counties  have  also 
furnished  much  valuable  information. 


Bul.  457] 


ORANGES 


f)3 


APPENDIX   OF  TABLES 


TABLE  21 

California  Orange  Acreage  by  Counties;  Bearing  Acreage  1921-1928, 

and  Non-Bearing  Acreage  1928 


County 

Bearing  acreage 

Non- 

1921 

1922 

1923 

1924 

1925 

1926 

1927 

1928 

acreage 
1928* 

Northern  dist 

Butte 

4,951 

2,100 

55 

684 

315 

1,532 

85 

110 

20 

50 

40,242 

3,600 

1,167 

38 

49 

94 

35,294 

126,735 

5,064 

2,100 

20 

697 

275 

1,530 

90 

115 

17 

220 

40,685 

3,700 

1,167 

35 

52 

68 

35,663 

129,666 

5,033 

2,100 

20 

707 

275 

1,530 

90 

66 

25 

220 

40,826 

3,800 

1,196 

20 

52 

83 

35,675 

130,961 

4,755 

1,850 

20 

717 

275 

1,530 

90 

18 

35 

220 

40,966 

3,900 

1,225 

5 

52 

98 

35,686 

132,257 

4,475 

1,750 

20 

720 

235 

1,525 

95 

18 

17 

95 

41,693 

4,000 

1,281 

7 

52 

114 

36,239 

135,173 

4,051 

1,534 

24 

778 

235 

1,410 

14 

20 

17 

19 

42,192 

4,459 

1,239 

9 

130 

116 

36,239 

137,817 

3,902 

1,460 

19 

708 

235 

1,410 

14 

20 

17 

19 

42,380 

4,500 

1,317 

16 

130 

136 

36,281 

139,609 

57 

40,233 

38,141 

16,500 

39,459 

1,558 

145 

3,516 

185,891 

4,074 

1,540 

48 

730 

235 

1,425 

14 

22 

17 

43 

42,538 

4,550 

1,399 

17 

130 

136 

36,306 

140,669 

57 

40,427 

39,003 

15,764 

39,452 

1,676 

165 

4,125 

187,281 

33 
23 

4 

4 

Yolo 

2 

Yuba 

Central  dist 

585 
150 

75 

90 

San  Joaquin 

Stanislaus 

Tulare 

1 

1 

268 

Southern  dist 

Imperial 

18,704 
42 

Los  Angeles 

Orange 

39,987 

31,500 

14,000 

37,515 

1,411 

71 

2,251 

171,928 

39,825 

32,000 

15,000 

38,415 

1,411 

95 

2,920 

175,415 

39,825 

32,500 

15,500 

38,587 

1,411 

112 

3,026 

176,820 

39,825 

33,000 

16,000 

38,759 

1,411 

130 

3,132 

177,978 

39,879 

33,923 

17,000 

39,615 

1.411 

135 

3,210 

181,341 

39,971 

35,846 

17,184 

39,968 

1,411 

145 

3,292 

184,060 

3,256 
10,055 

Riverside 

SanBernardino 

San  Diego 

Santa  Barbara 

272 

659 

1,503 

75 

2,842 

State 

19,322 

*  Does  not  include  3,197  acres  planted  in  1927. 

Source  of  data:   Revised  figures  compiled  by  N. 
Crop  Reporting  Service. 


'..  Nielsen,  Fruit  Statistician,  California  Cooperative 


54 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


TABLE  22 

Estimated  Commercial  Production  of  Oranges,  United  States 

by  States,  1908-1927 

(Thousands  of  boxes,  i.e.,  000  omitted) 


California 

Florida 

Others 

Total 

1 

2 

3 

4 

1903 

8,095 
10,247 
10,226 

8,973 
10,291 
10,743 
13,449 
11,188 
15,645 
13,681 

6,347 
17,986 
15,858 
15,490 
20,035 

7,702 
17,755 
16,395 
21,813 
12,708 
19,930 
21,546 
16,962 
22,661 
25,969 

1,465 
1,951 
2,363 
2,961 
2,899 
*  3,793 
4,279 
4,853 
3,749 
3,648 
5,761 
6,230 
7,314 
6,150 
6,933 
3,500 
5,700 
7,000 
8,100 
7,300 
9,700 
12,400 
11,000 
8,200 
9,600 

9,560 

1904 

12,198 

1905 

12,589 

1906 

11,934 

1907 

13,190 

1908 

14,536 

1909 

17,728 

1910 

16,041 

1911 

19,394 

1912 

17,329 

1913 

12,108 

1914 

24,216 

1915 

23,172 

1916 

21,640 

1917 

26,968 

1918.  . 

11,202 

1919 

23,455 

1920 

23,395 

1921 

29,913 

1922 

1923 

1924 

89 
222 
285 

21 
180 
106 

20,097 
29,852 
34,231 

1925 

27,983 

1926 

31,041 

1927 

35,675 

Sources  of  data: 

Col.  1. — Compiled  by  the  California  Fruit  Growers  Exchange.  The  figures  are  based  upon  railroad 
reports  of  carload  shipments  at  points  of  passing.  Numbers  of  cars  have  been  converted  to  boxes  on  the 
basis  of  the  California  Fruit  Growers  Exchange  average  load,  which  has  varied  from  374  to  467  boxes 
per  car.  Before  1917  grapefruit  is  included  with  oranges.  The  volume  of  grapefruit  at  that  time  was  very 
small,  however.  The  crop  year  extends  from  November  of  the  previous  year  to  October  of  the  year  shown. 

Col.  2. — Year  1903-1908  from  California  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  annual  statistical  report,  1919: 
163.  Years  1909-1915  estimates  by  the  writers.  Years  1916-1918  from  California  State  Board  of  Agri- 
culture, annual  statistical  report,  1921: 237.  Years  1919-1927  from  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Bur.  Agr.  Econ.  Market 
prospects  for  citrus  fruits  1927-28,  p.  8.  Dec.  6,  1927  (mimeo.).  These  figures  include  fruit  to  move  by 
rail  and  boat.   The  crop  year  extends  from  October  of  the  previous  year  to  June  of  the  year  shown. 

Col.  3.— Carlot  shipment  figures  as  reported  to  the  Bureau  of  Agricultural  Economics  converted  to 
boxes  on  the  basis  of  400  boxes  per  car.   No  data  available  before  1922. 


Bul.  457] 


ORANGES 


55 


TABLE  23 

United  States  Production,  Imports,  Exports,  and  Per-Capita 
Consumption  of  Oranges 


United  States 

Imports  from 

Domestic 

Supply  available 

Per-capita 

Crop  year 

production 

Porto  Rico* 

exports 

for  consumption 

consumption 

ending  in 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

1,000  boxes 

1,000  boxes 

1,000  boxes 

1,000  boxes 

Oranges 

1908 

14,536 

300 

676 

14,160 

31.8 

1909 

17,728 

209 

938 

16,999 

37.5 

1910 

16,041 

278 

911 

15,408 

33.4 

1911 

19,394 

378 

1,260 

18,512 

39.5 

1912 

17,329 

243 

1,253 

16,319 

34.3 

1913 

12,108 

375 

880 

11,603 

24.0 

1914 

24,216 

319 

1,824 

22,711 

46.4 

1915 

23,172 

248 

1,584 

21,836 

44  0 

1916 

21,640 

467 

1,691 

20,416 

40 .5 

1917 

26,968 

465 

1,951 

25,482 

49.9 

1918 

11,202 

557 

938 

10,821 

20.9 

1919 

23,455 

385 

1,634 

22,206 

42.3 

1920 

23,395 

328 

1,591 

22,132 

41.6 

1921 

29,913 

167 

2,174 

27,906 

51.5 

1922 

20,097 

508 

1,393 

19,212 

34.9 

1923 

29,852 

615 

2,138 

28,329 

50  7 

1924 

34,231 

218 

2,620 

31,829 

56.0 

1925 

27,983 

370 

1,978 

26,375 

45  7 

1926 

31,041 

416 

2,628 

28,829 

49.2 

1927 

35,675 

365 

3,620 

32,420 

54  6 

*  Imports  for  November  1907,  1922,  1923  and  December,  1907  estimated. 
Source  of  data: 

Col.  1— Table  22. 

Columns  2  and  3.— U.  S.  Dept.  Commerce  Monthly  Summary  of  Foreign  Commerce  of  the  United 
States,  monthly  issues. 

Column  4. —Production  plus  imports  from  Porto  Rico  minus  domestic  exports. 

Col.  5. — Supply  available  for  consumption  converted  to  number  of  oranges  on  the  basis  of  200  oranges 
per  box  and  divided  by  United  States  population. 


56 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


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ORANGES 


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58 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


TABLE  26 

Monthly  Prices  Received  for  Oranges  F.  O.  B.  California 

by  the  California  Fruit  Growers  Exchange 

November  1922  to  October  1927 


Month 


November. 
December.. 

January 

February... 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 
October 


1922-23 


dollars  per  box 
2.40 
2.91 
2.39 
2.76 
2.50 
2.82 
2.68 
2  71 
2.65 

2  19 

3  03 
3  26 


1923-24 


dollars  per  box 
3.69 
2.23 
1.94 
2.07 
1  96 
2.41 
1.98 
2.80 
2.50 
3.52 
3.74 
3.89 


1924-25 


dollars  per  box 
3  80 
2.90 
3.33 
3  31 
2.83 
4.12 
4.74 
5.38 
4.79 
4.79 

5  74 

6  18 


1925-26 


dollars  per  box 
5.83 
3  32 
3  14 
3.37 
3  43 
3.94 
3.04 
2.94 
3  50 
3.21 
3.78 
4.88 


1926-27 


dollars 
4. 
3. 


per  box 

80 

70 


Source  of  data:   California  Fruit  Growers  Exchange. 


TABLE  27 

Carlot  Shipments  of  Oranges  by  Districts  anb  Counties,  California 

1922-23  to  1926-27 


Crop  Year  (November  to  October) 

1922-23 

1923-24 

1924-25 

1925-26 

1926-27* 

Southern  district: 

Los  Angeles 

Orange 

Riverside 

San  Bernardino 

cars 

14,970 

9,884 

4,388 

9,988 

264 

1,167 

9 

40,670 

7,350 

321 

cars 

9,968 
10,448 

5,193 

10,108 

228 

1,324 

cars 

9,553 
6,360 
2,922 
6,094 

200 

1,262 

10 

26,401 

7,554 

483 

cars 

9,356 

12,577 

4,853 

9,928 

252 

1,442 

29 

38,437 

8,226 

354 

cars 

13,195 
13,542 
6,329 
10,225 
300 

1,778 

Others 

5 

Total  southern  district 

37,269 

7,009 

627 

46,374 
7,702 

498 

48,S4l 

44,905 

34,438 

47,017 

53,574 

*  Subject  to  revision. 
Sources  of  data: 

Years  1922-23  to  1925-26.    U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Bur.  Agr.  Econ.    Unpublished  data  (revised). 

Year  1926-27  from  Yeoman,  Opal  V.    Summary  of  carlot  shipments  of  important  fruits  and  vege- 
tables in  California,  Arizona  and  Nevada,  1927.   U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Bur.  Agr.  Econ.  mimeographed  circular, 


STATION  PUBLICATIONS  AVAILABLE  FOR  FREE   DISTRIBUTION 


BULLETINS 
No. 


No. 

253.  Irrigation  and   Soil   Conditions  in  the  389 

Sierra   Nevada   Foothills,    California.  390, 

262.  Citrus   Diseases  of   Florida   and    Cuba 

Compared  with  those   of   California.  391, 

263.  Size  Grades  for  Ripe  Olives. 

268.   Growing  and  Grafting  Olive  Seedlings.  392. 

277.  Sudan  Grass.  393, 

278.  Grain   Sorghums.  394. 

279.  Irrigation   of   Rice  in   California. 
283.  The  Olive  Insects  of  California. 

304.  A  Study  of  the  Effects  of  Freezes  on  395. 

Citrus  in  California. 

310.   Plum  Pollination.  396. 

313.  Pruning      Young      Deciduous      Fruit 

Trees.  397. 

324.   Storage  of  Perishable  Fruits  at  Freez- 
ing Temperatures.  398. 

328.   Prune   Growing  in    California.  400. 

331.   Phylloxera-resistant  Stocks.  402. 

335.   Cocoanut   Meal    as   a    Feed    for    Dairy  404. 

Cows   and   Other   Livestock.  405. 

340.   Control     of     the     Pocket     Gopher     in  406. 

California.  407. 

343.  Cheese   Pests  and  Their  Control. 

344.  Cold    Storage   as   an    Aid   to   the   Mar- 

keting of  Plums,  a  Progress  Report.  4  08. 

347.  The  Control  of  Red  Spiders  in  Decid-  409. 

uous  Orchards. 

348.  Pruning  Young  Olive  Trees. 

349.  A    Study    of    Sidedraft    and    Tractor 

Hitches.  410. 

350.  Agriculture      in      Cut-Over      Redwood 

Lands. 

353.  Bovine    Infectious    Abortion,    and    As-  411. 

sociated  Diseases  of  Cattle  and  New- 
born  Calves.  412. 

354.  Results  of  Rice  Experiments  in  1922. 

357.  A    Self-Mixing    Dusting    Machine    for 

Applying  Dry  Insecticides  and  Fun-  414. 

gicides. 

358.  Black    Measles,     Water    Berries,     and  415. 

Related  Vine  Troubles.  416. 

361.  Preliminary  Yield  Tables  for  Second- 

Growth   Redwood.  417. 

362.  Dust  and  the  Tractor  Engine. 

363.  The  Pruning  of  Citrus  Trees  in  Cali-  418. 

fornia. 

364.  Fungicidal    Dusts    for   the    Control    of  419. 

Bunt. 

366.  Turkish     Tobacco     Culture,     Curing,  420. 

and  Marketing. 

367.  Methods  of  Harvesting  and  Irrigation  421. 

in  Relation  to  Moldy  Walnuts.  422. 

368.  Bacterial     Decomposition     of     Olives 

During  Pickling.  423. 

369.  Comparison     of     Woods     for     Butter 

Boxes.  424. 

370.  Factors    Influencing   the    Development 

of  Internal  Browning  of  the  Yellow  425. 

Newton   Apple.  426. 

371.  The    Relative    Cost   of   Yarding    Small 

and  Large  Timber.  427. 

373.  Pear   Pollination. 

374.  A    Survey    of    Orchard    Practices    in  428. 

the     Citrus     Industry     of     Southern 
California. 

375.  Results   of    Rice   Experiments   at   Cor-  429. 

tena,  1923,  and  Progress  in  Experi-  430. 

ments  in  Water  Grass  Control  at  the  431. 

Biggs   Rice  Field   Station,    1922-23. 
377.  The  Cold  Storage  of  Pears.  432. 

380.   Growth    of    Eucalyptus    in    California 

Plantations.  433. 

382.   Pumping    for    Draininge    in    the    San 

Joaquin   Valley,    California.  434. 

385.  Pollination  of  the  Sweet  Cherry. 

386.  Pruning     Bearing     Deciduous     Fruit  435. 

Trees. 

387.  Fig   Smut. 

388.  The   Principles   and   Practice   of    Sun- 

Drying  Fruit. 


Berseem  or  Egyptian  Clover. 

Harvesting  and  Packing  Grapes  in 
California. 

Machines  for  Coating  Seed  Wheat 
with   Copper  Carbonate   Dust. 

Fruit  Juice  Concentrates. 

Crop   Sequences  at  Davis. 

I.  Cereal  Hay  Production  in  Cali- 
fornia. II.  Feeding  Trials  with 
Cereal  Hays. 

Bark  Diseases  of  Citrus  Trees  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

The  Mat  Bean,  Phaseolus  Aconitifo- 
lius. 

Manufacture  of  Roquefort  Type  Cheese 
from  Goat's  Milk. 

Orchard   Heating  in   California. 

The  Utilization  of  Surplus  Plums. 

The  Codling  Moth  in  Walnuts. 

The  Dehydration  of  Prunes. 

Citrus   Culture   in    Central    California. 

Stationary  Spray  Plants  in  California. 

Yield,  Stand,  and  Volume  Tables  for 
White  Fir  in  the  California  Pine 
Region. 

Alternaria   Rot  of  Lemons. 

The  Digestibility  of  Certain  Fruit  By- 
products as  Determined  for  Rumi- 
nants. Part  I.  Dried  Orange  Pulp 
and  Raisin  Pulp. 

Factors  Influencing  the  .Quality  of 
Fresh  Asparagus  after  It  is  Har- 
vested. 

Paradichlorobenzene  as  a  Soil  Fumi- 
gant. 

A  Study  of  the  Relative  Value  of  Cer- 
tain Root  Crops  and  Salmon  Oil  as 
Sources   of   Vitamin   A  for   Poultry. 

Planting  and  Thinning  Distances  for 
Deciduous  Fruit  Trees. 

The  Tractor  on  California  Farms. 

Culture  of  the  Oriental  Persimmon  in 
California. 

Poultry  Feeding:  Principles  and  Prac- 
tice. 

A  Study  of  Various  Rations  for  Fin- 
ishing Range  Calves    as  Baby  Beeves. 

Economic  Aspects  of  the  Cantaloupe 
Industry. 

Rice  and  Rice  By-Products  as  Feeds 
for  Fattening  Swine. 

Beef   Cattle  Feeding  Trials,    1921-24. 

Cost  of  Producing  Almonds  in  Cali- 
fornia: a  Progress  Report. 

Apricots  (Series  on  California  Crops 
and  Prices). 

The  Relation  of  Rate  of  Maturity  to 
Egg  Production. 

Apple  Growing  in  California. 

Apple     Pollination     Studies 
fornia. 

The  Value  of  Orange  Pulp  for  Milk 
Production. 

The  Relation  of  Maturity  of 
fornia  Plums  to  Shipping 
Dessert  Quality. 

Economic  Status  of  the  Grape  Industry. 

Range  Grasses  of  California. 

Raisin  By-Products  and  Bean  Screen- 
ings as  Feeds  for  Fattening  Lambs. 

Some  Economic  Problems  Involved  in 
the  Pooling  of  Fruit. 

Power  Requirements  of  Electrically 
Driven    Manufacturing    Equipment. 

Investigations  on  the  Use  of  Fruits  in 
Ice  Cream  and  Ices. 

The  Problem  of  Securing  Closer 
Relationship  Between  Agricultural 
Development  and  Irrigation  Con- 
struction. 


Cali- 


Cali- 
and 


bulletins- 
no. 

436.  I.   The  Kadota   Fig.     II.   Kadota  Fig 

Products. 

437.  Economic    Aspects    of    the    Dairy    In- 

dustry. 

438.  Grafting  Affinities  with  Special  Refer- 

ence to  Plums. 

439.  The  Digestibility  of  Certain  Fruit  By- 

products as  Determined  for  Rumi- 
nants. Part  II.  Dried  Pineapple 
Pulp,  Dried  Lemon  Pulp,  and  Dried 
Olive  Pulp. 

440.  The    Feeding    Value    of    Raisins    and 

Dairy  By-Products  for  Growing  and 
Fattening  Swine. 

441.  The  Electric  Brooder. 

442.  Laboratory  Tests  of  Orchard  Heaters. 

443.  Standardization    and    Improvement   of 

California   Butter. 

444.  Series  on  California  Crops  and  Prices: 

Beans. 


■(Continued) 
No. 

445.  Economic    Aspects    of    the    Apple    In- 

dustry. 

446.  The  Asparagus  Industry  in  California. 

447.  The  Method  of  Determining  the  Clean 

Weights    of    Individual    Fleeces    of 
Wool. 

448.  Farmers'      Purchase     Agreement     for 

Deep   Well   Pumps. 

449.  Economic   Aspects  of  the  Watermelon 

Industry. 

450.  Irrigation    Investigations    with    Field 

Crops  at  Davis,  and  at  Delhi,   Cali- 
fornia. 

451.  Studies    Preliminary   to   the   Establish- 

ment of  a  Series  of  Fertilizer  Trials 
in  a  Bearing  Citrus  Grove. 

452.  Economic    Aspects    of    the    Pear    In- 

dustry. 


CIRCULARS 

No.  No. 

87.  Alfalfa.  265. 

117.  The    selection    and    Cost    of    a    Small  266. 

Pumping  Plant. 

127.  House  Fumigation.  267. 
129.  The  control  of  Citrus  Insects. 

136.  Melilotus    Indica    as    a    Green-Manure  269. 

Crop  for  California.  270. 

144.  Oidium    or    Powdery    Mildew    of    the  273. 

Vine.  276. 

157.   Control  of  Pear  Scab.  277. 
164.   Small   Fruit   Culture   in    California. 

166.  The  County  Farm  Bureau.  278. 
178.  The  Packing  of  Apples  in  California. 

202.  County    Organization    for    Rural    Fire  279. 

Control. 

203.  Peat   as   a  Manure   Substitute.  281. 
209.  The  Function  of  the  Farm  Bureau. 

212.   Salvaging  Rain-Damaged  Prunes. 

215.  Feeding  Dairy  Cows  in   California.  282. 

230.  Testing  Milk,    Cream,    and   Skim  Milk 

for  Butterfat.  284. 

231.  The  Home  Vineyard.  286. 

232.  Harvesting    and    Handling    California  287. 

Cherries   for   Eastern    Shipment.  288. 

234.  Winter     Injury     to     Young     Walnut  289. 

Trees  During  1921-1922.  290. 

238.  The   Apricot  in   California.  292. 

239.  Harvesting     and     Handling     Apricots  293. 

and  Plums  for  Eastern  Shipment.  294. 

240.  Harvesting    and    Handling    California  296. 

Pears  for  Eastern  Shipment. 

241.  Harvesting    and    Handling    California  298. 

Peaches  for  Eastern  Shipment. 

243.  Marmalade     Juice     and     Jelly     Juice  300. 

from  Citrus  Fruits.  301. 

244.  Central  Wire  Bracing  for  Fruit  Trees.  302. 

245.  Vine  Pruning  Systems.  304. 

248.  Some  Common  Errors  in  Vine  Prun-  305. 

ing  and  Their  Remedies.  307. 

249.  Replacing  Missing  Vines.  308. 

250.  Measurement  of   Irrigation   Water   on  309. 

the  Farm.  310. 

252.  Support  for  Vines. 

253.  Vineyard   Plans.  311. 
255.  Leguminous    Plants    as    Organic    Fer-  312. 

tilizers  in   California   Agriculture. 

257.  The  Small-Seeded  Horse  Bean    (Vicia 

faba   var.   minor). 

258.  Thinning   Deciduous   Fruits. 

259.  Pear  By-Products. 
261.   Sewing  Grain  Sacks. 


Plant  Disease  and   Pest  Control. 

Analyzing  the  Citrus  Orchard  b> 
Means  of  Simple  Tree  Records. 

The  Tendency  of  Tractors  to  Rise  in 
Front;  Causes  and  Remedies. 

An   Orchard  Brush   Burner. 

A  Farm  Septic  Tank. 

Saving  the  Gophered  Citrus  Tree. 

Home   Canning. 

Head,  Cane  and  Cordon  Pruning  of 
Vines. 

Olive  Pickling  in  Mediterranean 
Countries. 

The  Preparation  and  Refining  of 
Olive  Oil  in  Southern  Europe. 

The  Results  of  a  Survey  to  Deter- 
mine the  Cost  of  Producing  Beef  in 
California. 

Prevention  of  Insect  Attack  on  Stored 
Grain. 

The  Almond  in   California. 

Milk  Houses  for  California  Dairies. 

Potato   Production  in   California. 

Phylloxera  Resistant  Vineyards. 

Oak  Fungus  in  Orchard  Trees. 

The  Tangier  Pea. 

Alkali  Soils. 

The    Basis   of   Grape    Standardization. 

Propagation   of  Deciduous  Fruits. 

Control  of  the  California  Ground 
Squirrel. 

Possibilities  and  Limitations  of  Coop- 
erative Marketing. 

Coccidiosis  of  Chickens. 

Buckeye  Poisoning  of  the  Honey  Bee. 

The   Sugar  Beet  in  California. 

Drainage  on  the  Farm. 

Liming  the   Soil. 

American  Foulbrood  and   Its  Control. 

Cantaloupe   Production    in   California. 

Fruit  Tree  and  Orchard  Judging. 

The  Operation  of  the  Bacteriological 
Laboratory  for  Dairy  Plants. 

The  Improvement  of  Quality  in  Figs. 

Principles  Governing  the  Choice,  Op- 
eration and  Care  of  Small  Irrigation 
Pumping  Plants. 


The  publications  listed  above  may  be  had  by  addressing 

College  of  Agriculture, 

University  of  California, 
25m-8,'28  Berkeley,  California. 


